To the virgins to make much of time Essay example -- English Literatur

To the virgins to make much of time assemblage ye rosebuds turn ye may,GATHER ye rosebuds while ye may,Old time is still a-flyingAnd this same flower that smiles to-dayTo-morrow will be dying.The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,The higher hes a-getting,The sooner will his race be run,And nearby hes to setting.That age is best which is the first,when youth and blood are warmerbut being spent, the worse and worstTimes still succeed the former.Then be not coy, but use your time,and while ye may go marryFor having lost but once your primeyou may for ever tarry.I put on chosen To the virgins to make much of time as my second poembecause I feel it has much useful meaning to it and also because I go for with the title of the poem. I feel that people should live lifeto the full whilst they can. The first line, I think is the best ofthe whole poem gather ye rosebuds while ye may. This image meansthat we should find a man/woman whilst youre still young andbeautiful.The poem has a very simp le rhyming pattern of ABAB. This means thatthe poem is fluid and rhyt...

Analysis of A Raisin in the Sun Essay -- Krannert

A Raisin in the Sun AnalysisUpon walking out of Krannerts production of A Raisin in the Sun, an eerie silence drizzled close to the earshot as people murmured and slowly shuffled towards the exits. After witnessing such a powerful yet melancholy piece of bailiwick work, words seemed inappropriate. For three hours, A Raisin in the Sun encompassed us with racial, economic, and social issues of the 1950s. Swirling portions of humor, disgrace, pride, and sadness into a smooth blend, the black market developed many twists and turns that kept the audience and myself completely alert. Throughout the three acts I could feel the audience, as well as myself, totally devoting themselves to the play. But after taking a step back, the play proved to produce much more than tears, gasps, and laughter it created a new perspective of African American lifestyles in the 1950s.When my father and I first settled in the theater, I immediately scanned the crowd. On the way to the production I envision ed, as superficial as it may seem, an auditorium crammed with African Americans and college students. But to my surprise, the majority of the playhouse flooded with middleaged Caucasian people. With suits and dresses on, clearly they were financially well off. On the contrary, I only observed a few African American people. I expected that more African American families would attend a play that pertained so relevantly to their past. Nevertheless, the demographics still posed an interesting point about who goes to these plays. As a side note, I excessively observed many young children there. I thought this reflected well of the parents/guardians who brought them. It thoroughly proved to me that adults willingly motivation to teach their children, whether they... ...n in the 1950s. Sure, I studied the 1950s racial problems in grammar school, but it was a thoroughly different experience when told as an appalling story of discrimination. Noting the inequality between my father and I , it clearly shows how times have changed for the better in our society.Overall, A Raisin in the Sun affected me in an enormously positive way. The contents of this essay do not even touch what the real experience was like. It not only provided an insight into a familys life in the 1950s, but also shaped a window into their personal lives. Spanning over only a couple of weeks, the play powerfully dove into the details and drama of the Youngers lives. With talented mental representation performances and a wonderful script, A Raisin in the Sun gave the audience much more than just an insight into the lives of African Americans, it let the audience live it.

The Web of Knowledge Essay -- Philosophy Papers

The Web of KnowledgeGreat theorist and philosophers such as the stoics, skeptics, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hume, Berkeley, Kant, Bertrand Russell, Darwin, Freud, and completely of 20th century science set out struggled with the question what is live onledge? and can we film fill outledge? To know and knowledge are potent concepts and before victorious Text and Critics, I took it for granted that I had knowledge of what knowledge is. Then came a simple question. After reading The American Scholar, I rec tout ensemble the clear being asked how is nature related to knowledge? I didnt have an answer. But more importantly, before I could answer the former, I realized I didnt know what knowledge is. How could it be that I had never considered one of the most important philosophical questions asked of mankind--what can we know and what is knowledge?There have been m some(prenominal) contrasting views about knowledge, but none of the major philosopher s, perhaps because knowledge is such a potent concept and its understanding is assumed to be self evident, have explained what knowledge is. For example, I have here some views with knowledge but no definition of knowledge Chuang-Tzu, the old Chinese sage and poet said formerly I dreamed I was a butterfly, and now I no longer know whether I am Chuang-Tzu, who dreamed I was a butterfly, or whether I am a butterfly dreaming that I am Chuang-Tzu. Black Elk, the Lakota moralist, told John Neihardt That is the real world that is behind this one, and everything we see or realise is something like a shadow from that world. So, too, was it for Plato. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote in The American Scholar We all know, that as the human body can be nourished on whatsoever food, though it were boiled grass ... ...rowning in information and starved for knowledge--UnknownBy necessity, by proclivity, and by delight we all quote. In fact it is as difficult to appropriate the thoughts of others as it is to invent.--Ralph Waldo Emerson ReferencesNeihardt, John. 1961. Black Elk Speaks . Lincoln and London, Nebraska University of Nebraska Press.Confucius. 1989. The Analects of Confucius. New York Vintage Books, A division of Random House, Inc.Gaarder, Jostein. 1996. Sophies World, A Novel About the History of Philosophy. New York Berkeley Books.Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The American Scholar.Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics. Custom Course Packet.Plato.1984. The Great Dialogues of Plato. New York, New York Mentor.Quotes not from text T&C text, above, or otherwise mentioned are from http//www. starlingtech.com/quotes/qsearch.cgi The Web of Knowledge Essay -- Philosophy PapersThe Web of KnowledgeGreat theorist and philosophers such as the stoics, skeptics, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hume, Berkeley, Kant, Bertrand Russell, Darwin, Freud, and all of 20th century science have struggled with the question what is knowledge? and can we have kn owledge? To know and knowledge are potent concepts and before victorious Text and Critics, I took it for granted that I had knowledge of what knowledge is. Then came a simple question. After reading The American Scholar, I recall the ramify being asked how is nature related to knowledge? I didnt have an answer. But more importantly, before I could answer the former, I realized I didnt know what knowledge is. How could it be that I had never considered one of the most important philosophical questions asked of mankind--what can we know and what is knowledge?There have been many dissimilar views about knowledge, but none of the major philosophers, perhaps because knowledge is such a potent concept and its understanding is assumed to be self evident, have explained what knowledge is. For example, I have here some views with knowledge but no definition of knowledge Chuang-Tzu, the old Chinese sage and poet said at once I dreamed I was a butterfly, and now I no longer know whether I am Chuang-Tzu, who dreamed I was a butterfly, or whether I am a butterfly dreaming that I am Chuang-Tzu. Black Elk, the Lakota moralist, told John Neihardt That is the real world that is behind this one, and everything we see or judge is something like a shadow from that world. So, too, was it for Plato. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote in The American Scholar We all know, that as the human body can be nourished on any food, though it were boiled grass ... ...rowning in information and starved for knowledge--UnknownBy necessity, by proclivity, and by delight we all quote. In fact it is as difficult to appropriate the thoughts of others as it is to invent.--Ralph Waldo Emerson ReferencesNeihardt, John. 1961. Black Elk Speaks . Lincoln and London, Nebraska University of Nebraska Press.Confucius. 1989. The Analects of Confucius. New York Vintage Books, A division of Random House, Inc.Gaarder, Jostein. 1996. Sophies World, A Novel About the History of Philosophy. New York Berkeley Books.Em erson, Ralph Waldo. The American Scholar.Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics. Custom Course Packet.Plato.1984. The Great Dialogues of Plato. New York, New York Mentor.Quotes not from text T&C text, above, or otherwise mentioned are from http//www. starlingtech.com/quotes/qsearch.cgi

Comparing the Grandmother in The Necklace and A Good Man is Hard to Fin

The Grandmother in The Necklace and A Good Man is Hard to identify   The master(prenominal) characters Mrs. Loisel in The Necklace and the grandmother in A Good Man is Hard to Find are very similar because both these characters refused to admit to a break that they had made. They both had the analogous motivation prior to the mistake and they also had the same reason as to why they wanted to keep quiet about it. Although Mrs. Lisles and the grandmothers penalties were different, it is unsounded fair to compare the two because either way, dead or alive, both their lives were ruined. Mrs. Loisel and the grandmother are very similar due to the fact that they both had the same motivation prior to their accident. It was a egotistic motivation that cost them their lives. Mrs. Loisels character was selfish in The Necklace because instead of wearing flowers like her husband suggested, she chose to borrow her friends jewelry. You tidy sum wear some natural flowers. At this s eason they look very chic. For ten francs you can have two or three magnificent roses. No, she replied, at that place is nothing more humiliating than to have a shabby air in the midst of rich women. (67) This is truly an act of selfishness on Mrs. Loisels part. If she wouldnt have been so arrogant, she could have just worn the flowers to the party and it would have saved her a lot of trouble. The grandmothers character in A Good Man is Hard to Find is also very selfish in her motivations. She felt she had to lie to her son, daughter-in-law and her grandchildren in order for her to be able to see that nice house again. There was a arcanum panel in this house she said craftily, not telling the truth but wishing that she were, and the story went that all the family sil... ... comparable because like I illustrated before, they were both selfish people. All in all, these two characters were very similar. They both had the same selfish motivations. They both wanted something, and th ey didnt care what they did to get it. They also had the same reasons for keeping their secrets quiet, they were shitless of embarrassment. And in the end they both ruined their lives. Mrs. Loisel had to be a hard working woman for 10 years, which really took a toll on her. The grandmother was killed, as well as the rest of her family. If Mrs. Loisel and the grandmother would have told the truth from the start none of this would have happened. But now, just like most everyone in life, they were forced to pay the consequences for doing something wrong. Even though they didnt deserve the punishment they got, I guess it was all in the luck of the draw.  

Poetry Essay - Anaylsis of 9 Poems :: Duffy Armitage Plath Milligan Hood Clarke Heaney

In this piece of coursework I am going to analysis and compare a number of poems, some indite by the same authors and some by different authors. All 9 poems have one common link which is Youth. The first poem is called Stealing and it was compose by Carol Ann Duffy. This poem is some a troubled young man who takes away a snowman from someones garden and talks about other items he has stolen before such as a camera. In this poem on that point are certain words and phrases which you can relate to your consciousness of sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste. For example when he describes the snowman as A mate with a mind as cold as the sl ice rink of ice, which you can use your whiz of hearing and hear someone cutting through the ice. Also where he says I was standing alone amongst lumps of snow, where you can picture this person standing there alone with a snowman crushed at his feet. I think this add enjoyment to the poem as it is getting you to see, hear, feel ex actly what is happening in the poem which makes it more real. He uses a lot of metaphors. For an example he talks about the snowman being as cold as the slice of ice within my own brain and a fierce chill pierced my gut, where he is talk of the town about the snowman on the outside but also talking about how he feels on the inside, cold and lonely. In this poem the poet has chosen to separate the events and place a stanza in the middle, so the poem starts off talking about the snowman and what it feels like but the third verse talks about the persons life and then back to talking about the snowman. I think the poet has done this to add more effect to the poem, as it indicates that the person in the poem does not understand themselves let alone explain them ego to anyone else. Also that they think about their lifestyle a lot and that they do not understand why they do what they do. In this poem there is no rhyme. I think this is because the poet wants to make the poem so und more serious and realistic than childish with loads of rhyming words.

Poetry Essay - Anaylsis of 9 Poems :: Duffy Armitage Plath Milligan Hood Clarke Heaney

In this piece of coursework I am going to analysis and compare a number of verse forms, some(prenominal) written by the same authors and some by different authors. All 9 poems have one common link which is Youth. The first poem is called Stealing and it was written by Carol Ann Duffy. This poem is around a troubled young man who takes away a snowman from somebodys garden and talks about other items he has stolen in the first place such as a camera. In this poem there are certain words and phrases which you can relate to your sense of sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste. For example when he describes the snowman as A mate with a mind as cold as the slice of ice, which you can use your sense of hearing and hear someone cutting through the ice. Also where he says I was standing alone amongst lumps of snow, where you can picture this person standing there alone with a snowman busted at his feet. I think this annex enjoyment to the poem as it is getting you to see, hear, feel exactly what is happening in the poem which annoys it more real. He uses a lot of metaphors. For an example he talks about the snowman being as cold as the slice of ice within my own wiz and a fierce chill pierced my gut, where he is talking about the snowman on the outside exclusively also talking about how he feels on the inside, cold and lonely. In this poem the poet has chosen to separate the events and place a stanza in the middle, so the poem starts off talking about the snowman and what it feels like but the third verse talks about the persons life and then back to talking about the snowman. I think the poet has done this to add more effect to the poem, as it indicates that the person in the poem does not understand themselves let alone explain them self to anyone else. Also that they think about their lifestyle a lot and that they do not understand why they do what they do. In this poem there is no rhyme. I think this is because the poet wants to ma ke the poem sound more serious and realistic than childish with loads of rhyming words.

Brief Summary of Daniel Willingham †Why Don’t Student Like School Essay

The answer to the unbelief why dont students like take aim was explained very clearly on the first chapter. It was made clear that our brains are slow and unrealiable. Our brains tend to avoid thinking, which makes it unlikely for us to like thinking. But plainly our brains release some amount of dopamine when there are cases of successful thinking. So the trick is to give students problems that are challenging provided overly solvable. There are 3 types of memory state in the loudness the environment memory, working memory and also long-term memory. For us to remember things better, we rump trick our working memory with techniques such as chunking since things can only get to the long-term memory through working memory. Emotion and chase also play a part in the remembering process. Things that grab our interest would trigger our mind to think, and memory is believed as the residue of thought slice stirred events will be better rememberedunrelated to repetitionsuch as wedd ings, 9/11 tragedy or birthday parties. Sometimes we go on auto-pilot on stuff that we regularly do, this is ca utilise by repetition or coiffe, it can succor us focus on other principal(prenominal) things slice still doing our regular activities such as chewing food, driving, reading and etc.The working memory has a very limited capacity, our brain cant take too much information, if we do, it could lose track of what were doing and thinking fails. As an example, thats what actually happened to me when I was reading the book, the first chapters really move my brain and it was actually hurting. Putting the material in a story form can also help students remember because stories are easy to comprehend, evoke and somehow easy to remember. Background knowledge is crucial during learning process as it helps new information to stay in our memory as it was stated that Understanding new ideas is mostly a matter of getting the right old ideas into working memory and then rearranging th emmaking comparisons we hadnt made forrader (Willingham, 2009). As I get to the 4th chapter, reading the book was much more(prenominal) easier to understand as I already conduct the background knowledge. The beginning explained how important it is to practice or drilling.The bad image of how practice is tiring and hard has made students often avoid practicing. However, it is not necessary to learn for a few hours in a row, in fact, doing so with position will makelearning more effective, I believe this method wouldnt regain so tiring and hard. In the 6th chapter, Willingham explained how experts have extensive organized experience, which makes them think in deep structure. Experts work on their subject for several hours a day, to get students to think like experts, learning should be done for several hours. There is a perception that experts would solve puzzles faster, however experts often take more time to think as they dig into more depth than novices. I personally agree wi th all the content in the book. I think the book basically covered all the aspects that could help students learn cognitive subjects efficiently. Proving Willinghams theory on background knowledge and remembering, I read the book piece of music relating to your teachings and found that the content of the book was much easier to understand since some of them were also taught in your lessons. I guess youre the living proof that the book is effective.I can see clearly how the writer actually performs his theory on chapter on through the book such as how he chose a question instead of a statement for the books title to grab attention. Often repetitions of definitions come up in different chapters of the book, which I believe is to help readers remember things. Some theories that are in the book are actually from our daily life that I havent noticed before. Stories have been used to help me learn, unconsciously, by teachers before but I did not really acknowledge how using stories for e ffective learning is actually a thing. The equal with the emotional and interest theory on forgetting. What I did not expect was how we actually get satisfaction from learning, my perception towards learning has always been about something that is tiring and that it is important but wouldnt give you any pleasure. Although I would add some things that might have been left behind by Willingham from his point of view. I would upset over a few things from a students perspective. Its the whom that I think he mightve left out. Teachers arent all the same and each has their different flairs of teaching. One teacher might have been basing his teaching on your book but the other doesnt. I think this might expunge how the students study at home.The materialssuch as books or presentation slidesmight just be insufficient or students might have got used to the Willingham behavior, students might not be able to keep up with the other subjects. If Willingham would add another chapter on chang ing students learning style permanently or something. That would be perfect. Heactually did mention how to treat the students in chapter 8 but I dont think screening that the teacher has confidence in the student would change how the student thinks permanently. Another thing is just a method that I often use in memorizing process. I try to act the theory in order for me to remember the matter. This is just an additional method that I think could have a space in the book. After reading the book, I realized that having read the book had somehow changed my perspective about some few things such as practice can be done in a more effectiveless tiringway, how to grab attentionin case I have to teachand few other things. Well, I guess that is all. I really think this is an outstanding book by how I actually enjoyed reading it. I really hope that teachers would use this book as their basis. But afterall a students performance does not only depend on the teachers but also the student. I thi nk the book itself is applicable for students with some change of perspective and behavior.

Abortion is too easy †Do you agree? Essay

There seems to be a common attitude shared even by some abortion dutys supporters that abortions shouldnt be too easy to obtain. People apparently feel that if abortions are easy to get, then they would be abused as if women so-and-sot be trusted to use abortion correctly or as if the meaning of pregnancy would be diminished. But earth-closet you imagine the outcry if large number were told that they turn in a right to vote (arguably of equal importance to the decision to have an abortion), but that voting shouldnt be too easy and that they have to go through several hoops to cast their vote?Arent efforts to make abortions more difficult to obtain a direct attack on the worthless and working classes who can least afford to devote the time and money being demanded while technically and formally keeping abortion legal? Abortions forget always occur because the situation will always arise where someone has an unwanted pregnancy. Therefore if abortions were illegal or even more difficult to obtain, people might have to resort to having an abortion carried out on the black market. Such a procedure might be carried out in unfit conditions by someone unqualified to do the job.The fact that it is legal in the UK means at least that it can be regulated and you can be sure that it is carried out safely, the same reason why prostitution is legal in America. Although Christian teaching on abortion is not simple, broadly Christians vox populi in the sanctity of life means that they have serious concerns about abortion, therefore for the most part think that it should not be legal at all. Christians will always have a problem with abortion, however hard to obtain they are.For this reason make abortions more difficult to obtain would simply have the result of further infringing of the rights of women over their body and still would not appease the strict Christians. However abortion is still murder of an innocent human being who has done nothing wrong and who cann ot defend him or herself. Abortion can simply be a selfish act because their child is an inconvenience and it is simply a get out of jail free card. Moreover, it is a traditional Christian belief that abortion is wrong and in the Didache it states that you should not kill the foetus in the mothers womb.Also every person is sacred as God made us in his image and likeness and therefore it is wrong to destroy what is like God. As Mother Teresa said, If a mother can kill her own child, what is there to stop you and me from killing each other. Although abortion is unpleasant, it is necessary and it is a womans right to decide what happens wrong her body. We know longer live in a time governed by religion and therefore I do not think religions have the right to change the laws on abortions. For these reasons, I dont think that abortion is too easy.

Harvard Referencing Guide

Harvard System Referencing Guide 1. INTRODUCTION This guide sets out the Harvard trunk of referencing to be used in the Thesis and other major essays submitted as part of the course taught through out the MBA program. It is important to adduce published hooey that you wish to use in your essay. While referencing is a standard that is used to avoid plagiarism it also supports a strong scientific method. To build arguments and tender evidence you must reference any published resources you use. The spirit of referencing is embodied in Newtons famous 1676 quote, If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.It means that Newtons great discoveries were made by building on the previous work of scientists. This reference guide sets out how to reference other authors work properly. For each(prenominal) type of material you are referencing (e. g. books, journal articles, newspapers, internet sites), this guide presents deuce parts, how to write the reference in the t ext of your essay and how to write the full reference at the end of the essay. The section at the end of the essay should be called a reference section and only include those references cited in the essay.For the purposes of this guide these both sections will be called in-text referencing and the reference list format. A note on paraphrasing and quoting Quotes are direct transcriptions of text from other sources while paraphrasing uses your own words to shew others ideas. You should attempt to paraphrase where possible and only use quotes sparingly and strategically. Both paraphrasing and quoting require referencing, and quotes must refer to the page number from which they were taken (see Books). 2. GENERIC coiffure The Harvard system has a generic format for in-text referencing and the reference list.While this guide provides a range of examples for books, articles, Internet sources etc, the generic format below should be used where adaptation is necessary. In-text (Author, ye ar) or Author (year) e. g. Sillince (1996) or (Sillince, 1999) Reference List Books Author, (Year) Title. Place Published Publisher. e. g. Sillince, J. A. A. (1996) Business Expert Systems. Hitchin Technical Publications. Articles Author, (Year) Article title. Journal Title, volume (number) pages. e. g. Sillince, J. A. A. (1999) The role of semipolitical language forms and language coherence in the organizational change process.Organization Studies, 20 (3) 485-518. 3. BOOKS The following exemplifies several in-text references for books with one, two, more than two authors, and authors cited by another author. When citing more than two authors, list all authors surnames the first time, then use et al. (see example). Note the different formats for the in-text referencing of paraphrasing and quotes (with page number) and the complete references in the reference list. In-Text One Author The development of bureaucratization in the UK was fundamentally different from that of the US.The T aylorist efficiency movement occurred in the US during an expansionary period while the same movement occurred in the UK during one of the worst ever recessions (littler, 1982). Littler (1982) concludes that for these reasons the labor movements in the UK are fundamentally different from those in the US. These differences in capitalist development had important consequences, This affected the pattern of resistance, and British capitalism exempt carries the scars of this historical conjuncture (Littler, 1982 195). Two Authors Managerial skills are a key focus for Whetton and Camerons (1991) introductory text.

Tyco’s problem Essay

Tycos job was a consequence of top executives and members of the board non manage what was legal and what wasnt within their company. CEOs Kozlowski and CFO Swartz failed to unwrap 1000000s of dollars of low involvement and involvement free loans they received from Tyco. The executives unethical behaviour resulted in stockholders benefits being written off which ended the company traveling into a monolithic debt. The top executives displayed greed for money.1. What do you believe Kozlowski motive for seeking to turn away gross revenues revenue enhancements on his art purchases was? Kozlowski motive was power and greed for money. Kozlowski knew that he was in a top place of authorization. and most likely believed that no 1 was traveling to oppugn his place or the incorrect things that he was going involved in. There was besides no material answerability forthwith or trueness to Tyco. Kozlowski realized that if he purchased the graphics with Tyco financess and so falsified the reco rds. so he wouldnt have to pay the revenue enhancements out of his ain dismissal and took a great hazard that no 1 would happen out. He abused Tycos assets for his ain pecuniary addition.2. Explain the construct of commingling assets with regard to the Tyco illustrate Commingling assets is and is the act of blending the financess belonging to one party with those of another party. particularly when one party has duty to maintain the financess separate for the other party. Tyco used this as a manner to travel around the system for its on personal additions. concealing the true purposes of its executives. Commingling personal with caution assets is over solely a hapless concern determination. The executives treated the companys money as if it were your ain. Besides. the executives used Tycos concern assets for their ain personal addition by buying graphics. multiple existent estate belongingss. jewellery. and other dearly-won points for personal usage. By commingling assets. the ex ecutives caused attending from revenue enhancement governments and SEC and other condemnable probes due to their delusory behaviours.3. Would it hold been realizable for the board of managers to see the accommodations taking topographic point in the different plans at Tyco? The board members could hold found the unlawful accommodations taking topographic point. solely non really likely in this instance. In a sense. the board of managers is every bit much at mistake as the piquing executives because if they played a more than proactive function in the concern operations. so the executives may non hold gotten away with every bit much as they did for the long period of clip. If they had taken a more active function. they would hold found deceptive paperss and fraud strategies that were go oning manner Oklahoman than when they were finally discovered.As a consequence of the board non taking an active function. the executives actions went on for some clip without any notice. The exec utives knew what they were making was incorrect and illegal. being involved in revenue enhancement equivocation. increased net incomes and commingling assets. The executives were besides passing out illegal unauthorised fillips. They besides become involved in paying off functionary to be ease on the affair. Overall. the incorrect actors of the company knew that their actions were illegal. unethical. and dearly-won to Tyco. but they risked all of these things for their ain personal addition. They believed that no 1 would catch on to their actions. but like all offenses that condemnable commit. it finally catches up with them.

Contrastive Linguistics Essay

The lyric poem of the line of work Exchange A Contrastive Analysis of the Lexis V clanku je podana analiza jezika borze s stalisca slovensko-angleske protistave. Izrazje (samostalniske zveze) obeh jezikov smo protistavili tako v strukturnem kot v semanticnem smislu, pri cemer se je razkrilo vec protistavnih znacilnosti, med drugim razlicni nacini ubeseditve istega pojma, terminoloske praznine in lazni prijatelji, slovensko borzno terminologijo pa zaznamujejo tudi angleske tujke. The article analyzes the wrangle of the inception metamorphose from a Slovene- slope mismated viewpoint.The specialized lexis of the twain languages was juxtapose as to the structural and semantic differences of their respective basis and normals ( titular phrases), revealing such kayoed or keeping(p) phenomena as different abstractizations, terminological gaps and false friends, while the Slovene stress exchange terminology is also characterized by incline foreignisms. 1. Introduction James ch aracterizes contrastive analysis (CA) as a hybrid linguistic discipline (1989 4), since it is n either resolveicularist nor generalist and is interested both in the immanent genius of a language and in the ways in which wiz language comp ares to other languages.CA does not strive to classify languages and is interested both in the differences and similarities between them. Having had strictly pedagogical implications at root, the theoretical foundations of CA were initi on the wholey laid down by Robert Lado in his Linguistics Across Cultures (1957). Lado supported the conviction that if learners of a foreign language (L2) were made aware of the ways in which their mother tongue (L1) and L2 differed, this would help oneself foreign language learning.He went even further by claiming that the elements of L2 that are similar to the learners L1 leave alone prove simple to learn, with those that are different existence problematical. Lado was the first to suggest a organisation atic set of technical procedures for the contrastive study of languages this included descriptions of languages and their equalitys as well as predictions of L2 learning difficulties. In its most aspiring(prenominal) phrasing, the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis claimed to be able to predict all learners errors committed in using an L2.However, empirical studies conducted during the 1970s could not sustain this claim, reservation it clear that CA could only predict certain problematic areas for learners and some of the errors they are bound to make in their versions of L2 (James 1989 145 my italics). All comparisons work on the basis of the assumption that the entities to be compared have certain things in crude, and that any differences between them mass be laid 154 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) against this common background. A CA thus always involves a common linguistic platform of reference, against which contrastive deviations are stated.This common platform is termed tertium comparationis (TC). Depending on the adopted TC, the said(prenominal) aspects of language may turn out be similar or different (Krzeszowski 1990 16). In syntactic and lexical contrastive studies, the TC is often taken to be formal or semantic correspondence (ibid. ), chiefly in combination. Contrastive linguistics is not a unified field of study. The focus may be on general or on language specific receives. The study may be theoretical (theoretical CA), without any immediate application, or it may be applied (applied CA), i. e. carried out for a specific purpose (Fisiak 1981 23).Further, Gabrovsek (2005 756) points out that contrastive work can be done at the levels of phonology, graphology, lexicology, grammar, and textology. This is wherefore any contrastive work must necessarily be limited in scope and thus always re perplex that a portion of the overall contrastive landscape of a given pair of languages. Contrastive lexicology is the contrastive s tudy of the vocabularies of two (or more) languages. It concerns itself with the transposition of lexical items from L1 to L2 and vice-versa, facing such difficulties as culture-bound vocabulary, interlingual mismatches, lexical gaps, etc (ibid. 62194).Equivalence between lexical items in two languages can be complete (trgovalni dantrading day), partial (organizirani trgregulated foodstuff), or aught (TUVL insider). There are two possible scenarios in transposing such problematic lexical units either the L2 equivalent is completely unknown to us (what, for example, is narocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine in English), which might lead to considerable confusion or even a communication breakdown, or we are uncertain as to the correct lump (is SLO organizator trga EN market organizer or market operator?), which may make our L2 unidiomatic, but does not impede successful communication.Depending on the pattern and environment it appears in, a lexical item will typ ically benefit from additional semantic shading imposed by the surrounding lexical elements (semantic tailoring), and often thence receive different counterparts in L2. Note the pairs svezenjbundle, avkcijaauction, majhensmall, but (in a stock exchange context) svezenjblock ( allot), prekinitvena avkcijavolatility interruption, mali vlagateljretail investor.The collocator and the base, even if lexically predictable in L2, may appear in the opposite order in the two languages (zascita vlagateljevinvestor protection) or be joined by a different preposition (trgovati z obveznicamitrade in bonds). Another collocation-related problem, interlingually, is false friends (borzna) kotacija ? (market) quotation. Lexicological CA also deals with divergent polysemy (vzdrzevalec likvidnostiliquidity provider or market maker).This article focuses on lexical contrastive studies and chooses as its TC the English and Slovene lexis of the language of the stock exchange, juggling between formal and se mantic equivalence of the toll and expressions in the two languages. Taking the Slovene-English contrastive viewpoint, we foc utilise on nominal phrases (NPs), which have been examined as to the types of (non-)correspondence, on the structural as well as semantic level. The aim of this article has not been a discussion of terminology as such terminology is here solely the object of contrastive lexicology, which lies at the core of this paper. B.Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange one hundred fifty-five As to the structural aspect, a divergence had been expected of the following kind SLO simple NP building complex NP EN simple NP complex NP complex NP simple NP On the semantic level, an occasional discrimination had been anticipated between the meaning of a particular NP in isolation and that in a particular context (in different word combinations, most notably collocations), semantic tailoring macrocosm a feature of not only LGP (language for general purposes) but als o LSP (language for special purposes). We had thus expected NPs to have different translation equivalents in different environments.English organism the lingua franca of the monetary world, we had also expected to draw the English term to be of a much more specialized nature than their Slovene counterparts. 2. Materials and methods The present CA entailed a lexicological comparison of pairs of ( master) Slovene and (translated) English texts used in the regular operations of the Ljubljana Stock Exchange Inc. (LJSE). In juxtaposing texts with the analogous TCthe common platform for comparison was stock exchange terminologypairs of lexemes (terms and expressions) relevant to our discussion were singled out and compared as to their structural and semantic properties.Given that we dealt with an LSP, our primary concern was with NPs, which constitute the main part of any LSP. The analysis was based on the thus-compiled database of over 1,000 pairs of head manner of speaking, of which only a selection appears in this article. 3. Analysis 3. 1. SLO simple NP avkcija CVS delnica delnicar dividenda glavnica indeks izdaja nalozba narocilo obveznica posel EN simple NP auction NAV share shareholder dividend principal magnate issue investment funds order bond trade 156 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) 3. 1. SLO simple NP promet sklad svezenj trg EN simple NP (continued) turnover fund block marketThe logical English equivalents for promet, posel and izdaja in general language or in isolation would be, for example, traffic, melodic line and betrayal, with bond, auction and share being translated into Slovene as vez, drazba and delez, but in a stock exchange context the respective equivalents are LSP specific and uncontroversial. Svezenj and trg prove more problematic. The former can either be translated as block (of securities) or as block trade, since it can refer to a particular quantity of securities or to a trade executed in that particular qu antity of securitiesboth svezenj in Slovene.Trg can either be rendered as single-word market or manifold order book, depending on the context. In the aspect of the securities market in general, trg is equivalent to the EN market, but in combination with the trading platform and orders placed in the trading system, trg will normally be order book (narocila na trguorders sitting in the order book). SLO avkcija and dividenda are LSP terms of an foreign character, having been adopted from English (which their English counterparts clearly show), while the others are Slovene words.While avkcija, trg, izdaja, and narocilo are polysemous words of widespread use in Slovene LGP and only obtain specialized meanings when used in proper stock exchange contexts, dividenda, sklad, delnica, glavnica, nalozba and obveznica are financial terms of an inherently terminological nature. In English, the situation is slightly different only dividend and investment belong to the financial field, while al l other words have a wide range of uses and senses. In their full versions, CVS (cista vrednost sredstev) and NAV (net asset value) are structurally divergent but lexically transparent.3. 2. SLO simple NP borza dokapitalizacija kupnina lot nezaupnica pooblascenec pripojitev Statut VEP EN complex NP N+N N+N N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N N+PP N+PP N+PP stock exchange bang-up increase leverage set trading unit vote of no confidence legate holder merger by acquisition Articles of Association NAV per unit Except for dokapitalizacijacapital increase, kupninapurchase price, pripojitevmerger by acquisition and nezaupnicavote of no confidence, which share at least some lexical elements, the remaining pairs are lexically completely divergent. B.Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 157 3. 3. SLO simple NP EN simple NP N+N Adj+NP Adj+N N+PP Adj+NP N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N Adj+N Adj+N unit futures point delisting derivative tick LJSE quote (n. ) ticket ticker warrantor enota premozenja financne terminske pogodbe indeksna tocka izkljucitev iz (borznega) trga izvedeni financni instrument korak kotacije Ljubljanska borza narocilo za nakup in prodajo stevilka posla trgovalna koda vrednostni papir The lexically completely divergent Ljubljanska borza and LJSE deserve a word of mention.While having an adjectival premodifier (denoting the place) and a simple nominal head (denoting the institution) in Slovene, English lexicalizes the concept differently in several respects. First, Ljubljana in Ljubljana Stock Exchange is a nominal premodifier, as opposed to the adjective ljubljanski. Further, the simple borza has a complex equivalent in English, namely the compound stock exchange, the two terms being lexically miles apart (the word borza itself has nothing in common with stocks or securities or exchanges of any kind).What is more, all this is packaged into an English acronym of the stock exchange name, thus LJSE, which is common practice with English names of stock exchanges (New Y ork Stock ExchangeNYSE, London Stock ExchangeLSE, National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations NASDAQ), while less so in Slovene. The Slovene name of the exchange either appears in its full form or is shortened to borza. English abbreviations and acronyms are a common feature of stock exchange terminology and have penetrated Slovene in their original forms in large numbers.Examples include ETF (exchange traded fundindeksni vzajemni sklad), SI (systematic internalizersistematicni internalizator), MiFID (Markets in Financial Instruments Directivedirektiva o trgu financnih instrumentov), OTC (over-the-counter, which has no lexicalized equivalent in Slovene), FOK (fill-or-killnarocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine). In these cases, there are no equivalent Slovene abbreviations (although descriptive equivalents do exist), since the English ones are recognized and actively used by all Slovene speakers of the LSP in question.Note also the difference bet ween the highly idiomatic fill-or-kill as opposed to the descriptive Slovene expression. 3. 4. 3. 4. 1. SLO complex NP EN complex NP structurally and lexically transparent equivalents auction trading brokerage house avkcijsko trgovanje borznoposredniska hisa 158 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009)3. 4. 1. Structurally and lexically transparent equivalents (continued) electronic trading financial instrument institutional investor public company trading day elektronsko trgovanje financni instrument institucionalni vlagatelj javna druzba trgovalni danNote further instances of the so-called international words in both columns, underlining the international character of the terminology avkcijskoauction, financnifinancial, instrumentinstrument, elektronskoelectronic, institucionalniinstitutional.Although we do have a native Slovene word for institution, which is ustanova, there is no semantically corresponding Slovene adjective (ustanovni in this case would be a false fr iend) this is why the Slovene term employs the international premodifier. 3. 4. 2.Structurally parallel, lexically unpredictable equivalents official market regulated market retail investor semi-official market average price initial public offering bullish market registered shares private bonds government bonds open-end fund borzna kotacija organizirani trg mali vlagatelj prosti trg enotni tecaj prva javna prodaja bikovski trend imenske delnice podjetniske obveznice javne obveznice vzajemni sklad Here we have NPs of the uniform mental synthesis Adj+N on both sides, and what is problematic is the lexical choiceseither of premodifiers or of heads.In place of official one would expect a fusion with the words stock exchange (judging from borzen). Kotacija does have a direct translation, namely quotation, but the English term refers to the highest bid or lowest ask price operational on a security at any given time and thus the two are false friends. The very specific Slovene term borzn a kotacija, which stands for the part of the LJSE regulated market intended for companies complying with strict reporting and disclosure obligations, only has one equivalent in English, namely official market.For organizirani trg, many would expect make market, which, however, is a mistranslation. Instinctively, and not being familiar with stock exchange terminology, a translator might also be tempted to translate the seemingly unproblematic mali vlagatelj as something like small investor, which would of course result in implications divorced from the stock exchange context. If looked at in isolation, prost, enoten, prodaja, trend, imenski, kotacija, podjetniski, javen would all get translations different from those in the to a higher place right B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 159 column. Here they appear in typical multi-word lexical items from the language of the stock exchange, and demand specific equivalents. The higher up pairs are also illustrative of the different conceptualizations in the two languages. Take podjetniske obveznicethey are not *entrepreneurial bonds or *company bonds, but sooner private bonds. What is more, although one might expect, in view of the logic of things, the opposite of private to be public bonds, English nevertheless calls them government bonds (while Slovene does see them as public, thus javne obveznice). 3. 4. 3.Structurally divergent, lexically parallel equivalents 3. 4. 3. a. Opposite order of lexemes or different parts of speech delnica prostega trga druzba za upravljanje dvotirni sistem vodenja druzb indeks blue-chip delnic indeks celotnega trga indeks obveznic posel s sveznjem struktura prometa vzdrzevalec likvidnosti N+NP N+PP Adj+N+ NP N+NP N+NP N+N N+PP N+N N+N semi-official market share management company two-tier management system blue-chip indication total market index bond index block trade turnover structure liquidity provider NP+N N+N NP+N+ N N+N NP+N N+N N+N N+N N+NIn phrases with indic es, Slovene has plural nominal postmodifiers in the genitive case (indeks obveznic), while English will typically lexicalize the same concept though a singular nominal premodifier in the nominative (bond index). The delnice part of the respective Slovene NPs (indeks blue-chip delnic, indeks delnic investicijskih skladov) has a cipher realization in English (blue-chip index, investment fund index). 3. 4. 3. b.Structurally different premodifiers avkcijsko trgovanje celotna trzna kapitalizacija delniska druzba osnovni kapital presezni certifikat tekoci podatki trzna kapitalizacija trzno narocilo cenovno obcutljiva informacija dobro pouceni vlagatelj auction trading total market capitalization joint-stock company share capital outperformance certificate real-time data market capitalization market order price-sensitive information well-informed investor 160 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009)Slovene uses adjectival premodifiers where English has nominal ones, except in the last two cases, which both share the structure of a nominal head premodified by an adjective and even share the same head, but employ different premodifiers the Slovene premodifier has the head obcutljiv premodified by the adverb cenovno, whereas in English the same information is lexicalized through with(predicate) a compound composed of a noun (price) and an adjective (sensitive).3. 4. 3. c. Structurally different postmodifiers delnice investicijskih skladov predcasni odkup delnic stopnja donosa trzna kapitalizacija obveznic shares of investment funds early redemption of shares rate of return market cap of bonds The recurrent pattern here is a nominal postmodifier in the genitive case in Slovene as opposed to a postmodifying prepositional phrase (PP)typically the of-phrase, as shown by all of the above examplesin English.Both groups of postmodifiers have the same function (namely that of expressing genitival relations), irrespective of their having different constructions Slo vene being a synthetic language, its expression of the genitive involves attaching genitival suffixes on postmodifying nouns, with English, an analytic language, having the same content expressed through an independent morpheme (the preposition of). Postmodifiers may be PPs on both sides, but with different heads sredstva v upravljanju trgovanje z obveznicami sistematicni internalizator za delnice 3.4. 4. N+PP N+PP NP+PP assets under management N+PP trading in bonds N+PP systematic internalizer in NP+PP shares Structurally and lexically divergent equivalents EN BTS trading system GBD brokerage house market maker TUVL segment 3. 4. 4. a. Explanatory equivalent BTS GBD TUVL segment The acronym TUVL stands for Trg uradnih vzdrzevalcev likvidnosti, BTS for borzni trgovalni sistem and GBD for Gorenjska borznoposredniska hisa, none of which have English counterparts.There are other Slovene acronyms and abbreviations that do not have direct English equivalents and need explanatory phrases when being translated into English, e. g. , CTG (celotna globina trga), ATVP (Agencija za trg vrednostnih paprijev), KDD (Centralna klirinsko depotna druzba), DZU (druzba za upravljanje), ID (investicijska druzba), PID (pooblascena investicijska druzba), and others. Disregarding the names of institutions, only a few are left, a situation B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 161 somewhat different from that in English, which abounds in abbreviated forms.These, in turn, do typically not require explanatory Slovene phrases to be understood by Slovenes, being used world-wide by the speakers of the LSP in question. Slovene abbreviations, on the other hand, are not self-explanatory or known to English speakers, and therefore do need explanations. Cf. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents Below are a few groups of recurrent constructions that appear in the two languages as equivalent SLO NP NP(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) Kodeks upravljanja javnih delniskih druzb SLO NP N(nomin . )+N(gen.) nihanje cen obrat kapitalizacije placilo kuponov revizija indeksov SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) indeks delnic borznega in prostega trga EN NP NP+N Corporate Governance Code EN NP N+N price volatility turnover rate coupon payment index review EN NP NP+N total market index Note the contrastively problematic EN index review (similarly index performance, index structure, index constituents, etc), where the premodifying noun index is always in the singular, both if referring to a single index (SLO revizija indeksa) or several (SLO revizija indeksov).This calls for an attentive English-Slovene translator who must infer from context. SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) datum zapadlosti zadnjega kupona SLO NP N(nomin. )+N (gen. ) institut izstopa institut iztisnitve oddelitev druzbe SLO NP NP+PP prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende izvedeni financni instrumenti na blago SLO NP NP/N+PP borzni clan z oddaljenim dostopom narocilo s preudarkom EN NP N+N coupon date EN NP cpd sell -out squeeze-out spin-off EN NP N+N ex-dividend date commodity derivatives EN NP Adj+N remote extremity discretionary order.162 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) SLO NP N+PP delnice v borzni kotaciji 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents (continued) SLO NP N+PP poslovanje s sveznji prenosi med racuni istega imetnika trgovanje z vrednostnimi papirji trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij SLO NP N+PP potrdilo o pravnomocnosti SLO NP Adj+N (borzni) clan kosovne delnice presecni datum EN NP NP+N official market shares.EN NP N+N block trading inter-accounts management securities trading insider dealing EN NP N(gen. )+NP courts finality seal EN NP N/NP+N member (firm) no par value shares record date The above lists of corresponding construction patterns are far from exhaustive. We have merely made an attempt at classifying selected NPs both fit in to their structural (congruent or divergent) and lexical (transparent or oblique) properties, trying to show that the re are innumerable patterns of correspondence between the two languages.4.Discussion and conclusion The present analysis has mapped out a complex web of interlingual correspondences between Slovene and English terms and expressions from the language of the stock exchange. The CA focused on the form of the place pairs of NPs as well as on problems of meaning, discovering such interlingual difficulties as divergent polysemy, false friends, conceptual and lexical gaps. This was expected, since languages are known to differ in an unsystematic and largely unpredictable manner as to expressing the same content.We will now present our findings under the following three headings a. Translation correspondence. Lexical (terminological) gaps The analysis has shown the everyday type of translation correspondence between the identified Slovene and English NPs to be partial correspondence it involves structural non-congruence, often coupled with complexities of meaning. Example pairs include po oblascenecproxy holder, trgovalna kodaticker, posel s sveznjemblock trade, trzna kapitalizacijamarket capitalization, promet clanovturnover by member firms, nominalne delnicepar value shares, etc.There were also instances of complete correspondence, where the English and Slovene NPs were both structurally and semantically congruent, but these were a minority. Examples include prometturnover, trgovalni dantrading day. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 163 Examples of nil correspondence between English and Slovene NPs have revealed lexical (or, rather terminological) gaps in the languages of the stock exchange, where certain concepts exist or have been lexicalized in one language but not in the other.English terms for which there are no ready-made Slovene equivalents include insider, blue-chip, OTC, and many others. Our expectations regarding the three types of translation equivalence to be found between lexical items in two languages, as laid down in the Introduction , have thus been confirmed. English is the lingua franca of business and finance, and this is also reflected (interlingually) in the language of the stock exchange.New concepts and terms for them are born in the Anglophone West, while the rest of the world adopts the English terminology and mostly just localizes it to a certain extent, often failing to add up with language-specific equivalent terms. As a result, Slovene stock exchange terminology abounds in carbon copies of English terms (blue-chip indeks, sistematicni internalizator, insajder), directly modelled upon their English counterparts, and descriptive expressions (izvedeni financni instrument, trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij, prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende).Especially tricky are virtually untranslatable English terms that have no lexical equivalent in Slovene at all (mistrade, market maker, OTC, hedge fund). Problematic as to their Slovene equivalents are also the idiom-like pumping dumping, pa inting the tape, wash sales, scalping, etc. When there are no ready-made translation equivalents (lexical, conceptual gaps), there are at least three optionsa) to make up a new Slovene term, b) to opt for a descriptive equivalent, or c) to try to find an approximate functional equivalent.Descriptive expressions (posli, pri katerih je sprememba lastnistva financnih instrumentov zgolj navidezna for wash sales) can be long-winded. Functional equivalents (narocilo s skrito kolicino is a type of order very similar to iceberg order, but not identical to iceberg) can be inaccurate. The third option, to invent a new term, lies outside the scope of translation work, since in LSP it is not customary for translators to adjudicate on preferred terms for concepts. These are for experts to agree on (sometimes in cooperation with linguists).Once they become used and catch on, the translator may recognize them as legitimate equivalents, based on expert advice, but not before, lest they become ghos t words, i. e. terms that exist on paper, but not in existent use. There are also some Slovene terms with no mirror-image English equivalents, which is a general feature of any terminology, not just the language of the stock exchange. TUVL, BTS, and the like are limited to terms for concepts unique to the Slovene stock exchange trading platform. We can therefore speak of conceptual gaps.They are translated into English through explanatory equivalents, e. g. , market maker TUVL segment. b. Interference. Collocations, false friends and the like It is a known fact that language learners (translators as non-native speakers of an L2 included) are inclined to draw analogies with their L1 when constructing lexical units in L2. When the two languages overlap in their formal, semantic or well-formed features, this leads to positive transfer and correct L2 lexical items (terms and expressions). Slovene terms such as mednarodni razpis, nalozba, dividenda, obveznica and 164.Slovenski jezik S lovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) their English translations are parallel in all of the above respects and thus unproblematic in translational and contrastive terms. If the formal, semantic or grammatical features of L1 and L2, however, do not overlap, or if they do but only partially (when meanings agree, but not forms, or the other way around), then constructing L2 terms on the analogy with L1 ones leads to lexical errors and we speak of interference or negative transfer from L1. This is a possibility with the bulk of Slovene stock exchange terms and expressions.Take aplikacija, for instance. A translator unfamiliar with the terminology of the field might be tempted to translate it as application, which, to my knowledge, has no specialized meaning in this field, the correct equivalent being the unpredictable cross trade. Or the much debated organizirani trg, which is not organized in English, but rather regulated market. Consider also the temptation of word-for-word comment of k orak kotacije, borzna kotacija, mali vlagatelj, prekinitvena avkcija and many others.Negative transfer works in the opposite direction as well, when it is known as backward interference under the influence of L2, learners can be often tempted to remodel their L1 lexical items to match those in L2. Even if backward interference be at work, expressions such as financial markets, sub judice framework, investors would not cause any problems, since they are structurally and semantically parallel to their Slovene equivalents. It gets tricky when the Slovene term for open-end fund is not odprti sklad, but rather vzajemni sklad, and especially with terms such as quote.Quote has the attractive verbal equivalent kotirati that does exist and is widely used but with a different meaning, the correct rendering being narocilo za nakup in prodajo. The cross-linguistic floors are also slippery with terms such as regulated market, which appears unproblematic at first sight in fact, however, regulira ni trg is an expression that does not exist in the Slovene language of the stock exchange, where the same concept has been lexicalized through another lexemeorganizirani trg.Further, there are pairs of NPs that look deceptively similar, besides differ in important details, which we had anticipated in the Introduction to this article. For instance, trade in shares is trgovati z delnicami, assets under management is sredstva v upravljanju, right on a security is pravica iz vrednostnega papirja, bond (sg. ) index is indeks obveznic (pl. ), dobicek (sg. ) na delnico is earnings (pl. ) per share, and capital markets can either be kapitalski trg (sg. ) or kapitalski trgi (pl. ).Grammatical collocations are a notoriously difficult interlingual area, causing problems especially in encoding, and so are the singularplural distinctions. When translating slovenski kapitalski trg into English, most would opt for the only reasonable choice, namely Slovene capital market. Yet the English prefer t he plural expression, thus Slovene capital markets. Due to semantic tailoring, a lexical item may be endowed with a multitude of semantic shadings and consequently receive different counterparts in the other language.Trg, for instance, is not always market in the language of the stock exchange. Borzni and prosti trg are exchange and semi-official market, while for narocila na trgu we have orders sitting in the order book. Similarly, the adjective organizirani can either be organized (trading) or regulated (market) in English, while vzdrzevalec likvidnosti can either be liquidity provider or market maker, depending on the context. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 165Conversely, the EN share is not always delez in Slovene note the pairs sharedelnica, official market sharedelnica na borznem trgu, market sharetrzni delez, share capitalosnovni kapital. This confirms our expectations worded in the Introduction on the possible discrepancy between translation equivalents o f lexemes in isolation (aplikacijaapplication, organiziranorganized) and those of the same lexemes in a particular context (aplikacijacross trade, organizirani trgregulated market).It is one of the goals of contrastive lexicology to point out such controversial pairs of collocations and thus sustain the claim that translation equivalence is largely collocation-dependent. The analysis has also singled out Slovene and English NPs that look similar (have a similar form), but differ, at least partly, in meaning (the so-called false friends). One of them usually belongs to the LSP of the stock exchange, while the other has LGP applications divorced from the stock exchange context quote (n. )kotirati (v.), institutional inve.

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Recruiting from organizations such as Microsoft, Google, and an other(a)(prenominal) technology companies will inspire creative and innovative guessing that will assist in maintainin g a competitive advantage and attract new markets. observe set up AnalysisUniversity of Phoenix is an accredited college that is available for adult checkers seeking a experienceing environment, which is flexible, has challenging curriculum, earmarks a supportive learning environment and is a top-rated college to attend. University of Phoenix has five goals that friend students bring in what key subjects are essential to his or her education professional competence and take to bes, critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, education utilization, and collaboration (University of Phoenix, 2011).University of Phoenix special activities related to value chain analysis is apparent the learning environment has been constructed. An online campus is available for those adult learners not able to attend an educational campus. The value chain support activities are readily available for each student to research via University of Phoenix website or by calling an academic co unselor who can provide information and answer any student or potential students question or c at angiotensin-converting enzyme datern.Primary ActivitiesUniversity of Phoenix was technologically created so learners are provided the same learning experience as those students who attend on-campus classes. Virtual students can feel they are provided the same learning environment and are just as engaged as if sitting in a classroom. This technological edge guards University of Phoenix a competitive advantage over more other universities not offer virtual classrooms or just started to implement virtual learning. Dr. John Sperling, a Cambridge-educated economist and professor-turned-entrepreneur, established University of Phoenix in 1976. He saw an opportunity to cater to working adults seeking higher education by go convenient class times at local sites (University of Phoenix, 2011).University of Phoenix is the nations largest private university, offering undergraduate and graduate degree programs at more than 200 locations as well as online in most(prenominal) countries around the world (University of Phoenix, 2011). Support Activities more organizations use some type of support services put into pose to help the people who destiny it. At University of Phoenix, there are support systems to help the students who require help. Most of the students at University of Phoenix are online students and the need for technical support and help desks are extremely important to facilitate with the success of the student. When students and instructors need to equate deadlines, the most important system in place is technical support. UOPX even has help desks for the student or teacher help him or herself rather of talking to a support specialist. Often this list is full of questions that can help solve many common problems.University of Phoenix has numerous types of help desks for the students not just for technical questions. (Regan and OConnor, 2002. p. 246). UOPX has enrollment specialists and staff members available to help the student enroll in the program they are seeking and right(a)ly explicate for the upcoming course. Because University of Phoenix is predominantly online campus, help desks and technical supports are necessary from the start of the course to graduation to ensure the success of the instructors and students. These systems are in place and are usually 24 hours so that help is available when needed.Innovative ApproachesUniversity of Phoenix uses innovative cuddlees toward higher learning and uses the cable technology to help them glide slope new information and old. Data mining is utilized by the tune world to help them discover how customers like or dislike a current product or process University of Phoenix uses data mining to find new and old information that can be used in classes. Harvard headache School is considered one of the top business schools in the world the professors teach information that can be useful in all business schools. The information taught by the Harvard professors is available online and in websites like those that are available in the UOPX library.By collaborating with sites like EBSCOhost, Gale PowerSearch, and ProQuest students can research information that has been reviewed by professionals from different sources. other source of information and also a source of friendship that helps the University of Phoenix with communication, learning, and camaraderie are the e-mail, individual class threads. In addition, the new phoenix bond forums that allow students and faculty to keep in touch with each other. The online learning environment is new to many students and the idea that a person can find out his or her bachelorettes in an online class is hard for the professional world to grasp.According to a study slightly the online learning experience, In comparing students who had and who had not full online courses, Dobbs, Waid and del Carmen (2009) found that studen ts who had completed online courses viewed the online experience as positive, would likely take more online courses and wished faculty would put more genuines online (Deggs, Grover & Kacirek, 2010). With this in mind, the online education experience is improving and utilise more technology to help students gain access to the material that is available.Internet UseUniversity of Phoenix uses the Internet to recruit staff, for customer service and merchandise purposes. In the instance of recruitment of new staff, one can find job listings on careerbuilder.com and the phoenix.edu site. This is an added benefit for University of Phoenix to uses the Internet to reach a larger demographic of potential staff. Staff recruiters are available via e-mail if there are questions or concerns. University of Phoenix is quite transparent and open for comments and suggestions. When dealing with merchandise, one can stumble across a non-University of Phoenix site and see a banner that can be clicke d on to, acquire information about the school.University of Phoenix is recognized as the pioneer of online higher education and has been at the forefront of advancing education through technology for more than 30 years (Mary Berry, UOPX). With Phoenix Connect alone, University of Phoenix is not sole(prenominal) tackling customer service for students but also a marketing tool for the university. Banners, blogs, videos, and kindly networking are exceptional ways that University of Phoenix has used the Internet. Potential students want to know that the university is on the cutting edge and can provide a quality education. By having these avenues to research and learn online are additional advantages and benefits to students and potential staff.Organizations to MoveUniversity of Phoenix mustiness remain a dynamic organization with regard to technology. Using Michael Porters Value Chain model, technology is a key support system that influences each of the value chains (NetMBA Busines s Knowledge Center, Strategy, 2010). For University of Phoenix to continue to look ahead to future opportunities for growth the outbound logistics and operations units will need to adapt to alter. The operations value chain for UOPX is the transformation of the raw materials into a finished product or service. This correlates to the network and infrastructure that UOPX uses right off. Advances in technology affect UOPX more than most organizations because they rely on this technology as a primary support system to present the finished product to its customers. Technology advances to increase productivity and service will enhance the website, increase the efficiency and speed of service, introduce new tutorials, and change the design and brand of the network used by students.How the product is delivered describes Porters outbound logistics value chain (NetMBA Business Knowledge Center, Strategy, 2010). Brick and trench mortar organizations would refer to this as the packaging and presentation. Phoenix presents this value chain as the online experience it provides the students. Enhancements and technology upgrades to the library, blogs, academic advisory amount of money, and access to the writing and mathematics center for excellence contribute to the online presentation that UOPX provides for the students.Advancements in technology will drive change with Phoenix because it is more than just a support system for the value chains. People upgrade technology at home and at work via communication media, smart phones, and wireless technology. UOPX must embrace this change and adapt it to the current model to remain current with the expectations of its customers and faculty. Embracing this change will ensure that UOPX is keeping pace with the expectations of the public, and stay ahead of competition using technology as a point of difference.Manager ResponsibilityAn essential part of organizational change is the learning curve confused in the implementation plan at bottom the organization. The four frames consist of vital key components convoluted within commissions grasp include unfreezing change, learning, change, and refreezing. Unfreezing change is the management skill of making sure that all parties involved within the change ahead, are current, and prepared for the learning curve ahead. focus must create urgency for the need to change toward each individual. The second material body will include a period of learning. This will be considered the urgency brought upon by the first phase of needing to be prepared for adaptation of change. During this period, the change will focus on changing the old attitude so that each individual is acclimated for the new party vision. Vision during the implementation phase is extremely important to guide each individual.The next phase is called the change phase that takes place after the unfreeze phase. The most optimal time to introduce this phase is once everyone has exceedd his or her diffe rences or concerns about the phase. This will include organized meetings within the company to brainstorm within each department. Final phase of this process is called the refreeze phase. The refreeze phase will inclusively bring together the entire process and association gathered by each process. Staff will be encouraged to attend the advanced training sessions created to make the change practicable. Through attending these sessions or training classes, each employee will unknowingly execute more comfortable with the change.Implement intensifyParticipation will allow employees to be part of the planning and implementation process he or she can contribute to distinguishing and understanding the goals of the strategic plan. instruction is another factor to help overcome resistance to change from employees. Leaders should educate employees about the strategy onward and during the implementation process. Education is a order that supplies individuals with information he or sh e needs to understand the former for change. A method a leader can use in the negotiating process is to come across and offer incentives to individuals who resist change such as giving him or her important role in the implementation process. trouble and KnowledgeEvery business needs a good manager to be successful. Without a knowledgeable manager the business will not thrive. One of the most important jobs of a manager is the ability to find and recruit new employees that will be able to aid in the success of the business (Change Management acquisition Center, 1996-2011). Once the manager has the employee trained and ready to work, the manager will need to bugger off the knowledge to manage the employees. Success amply managing employees is not easy and would require the knowledge of the laws and regulations of employees rights. The employees represent the business and are the people that the customers turn to for help. If properly trained and managed the employees will be a hug e reason that customers will be loyal. consumptioner loyalty is partly based upon how much the customer can trust and rely on the business.So training employees to be the scoop out representatives is the unassailable most import job of a manager. Managers are also responsible for overseeing the daily business to include stock and supply. It is important for a business not to run out of anything that will help them be successful. The manager must oversee that equipment is staying in good repair and that all the employees be responsible for his or her own duties. Also when needed a manager must restructure any plan or process not working up to standards. Because of changing times and constant technological upgrades new processes are a must, and where there is new processes there must also be new training to learn new processes. The manager is the one person who everyone goes to, when there is an issue or problem it is the managers expertise and knowledge that will help the employee s to sacrifice a good working conditionAreas of Manager KnowledgeAt University of Phoenix, management must be knowledgeable of process re-engineering and restructuring, innovating application of goods and services approaches to managing employees as a vital element in the value chain, methods of achieving, and maintaining customer loyalty. To remain and compete as one of the top nations largest private universities offering degree programs in 200 locations as well as online courses in many countries around the world.An organization must be aware of what consumers want and need to keep up with the changing times and remain successful. Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals (Bateman & Snell, 2009) . In todays world of technology, University of Phoenix must be able to invent new ways of advancing the company, coming up with competitive advantages while staying progressive, tone for revolutionary te chnological advances. Planning involves analyzing current situations as well as projecting and estimating future requirements.Company PreparednessTop management in any company has the responsibility to communicate the organizations vision and guide strategic planning. Consistent and clear communication with team members is other key factors to identify desired outcomes. Leaders will achieve success by simply communicating with the team his or her coverd vision, achieving milestones, and celebrating large, or small wins. Team members should share in the vision without fear of reprimand because he or she voices an opinion or challenges premises.Internal ResistanceOrganizations understand that changes in technology are a constant in todays business. Management needs to understand that with those changes individuals will react differently depending on how the information is conveyed to the employee. Management understands that individuals will have issues or concerns with new technolog y changes in the workforce. Individuals who have those issues or concerns should understand that management has his or her best interest in mind when making those changes. Organizations that have a direct communication style with those individuals will ask members of his or her staff what his or her thoughts are with the new change. This will give direct feedback regarding what individuals think about the changes. Individuals, who express those concerns, are more apt to understand the change and move forward. Managers who will use this style can understand that not all members of his or her staff will express his or her concern.Management should develop a straight talk with individuals when he or she has gathered information about any changes in technology within the organization. Management should be straightforward with individuals when the information is needed to be communicated with individuals so that the individual can understand the change and how this will affect his or her job. Employees who are included with developing changes will understand those changes and work on developing a positive attitude toward those changes. Management should understand that some individuals will not understand the changes and do not want to make those changes. Individuals who are part of those groups should be addressed as individuals who need extra attention and understand what concerns that he or she has.Those individuals are people who do not understand those changes and should have extra training to help those individuals with his or her issues. Management should include trainers with any new change in technology so that individuals could be trained on the new processes with the company. Trainers with a hands-on approach with employees are a tool that can assist with the negativity an employee whitethorn experience. Employees will be more open to express his or her concern with a coworker who is a trainer. The trainer can take that information and pass it on to mana gement. Management can sit down and come to positive conclusions for all parties involved to provide better solutions to employees.The solution to resistance from employees during technology changes can be implemented differently. It depends on the individual and not every individual will be positive with any change in an organization with technologies. Management needs to let people know the benefits of those changes, and involve as many people as possible to ensure people can understand the changes. Involvement and open talk with employees with make the resistance dwindle as much as possible. Management must prepare for those changes and be open with individuals to show him or her change.Effective Communication of ChangeCompanies are prone to change regardless of how hard an organization attempts to limit changes. Companies like University of Phoenix embrace change because they know it drives the competitive edge. Recently University of Phoenix went under some drastic changes for the betterment of the school and most important the students. This was highlighted in the media as well as on the Internet. One example of how the university effectively communicated changes was by having their representatives speak to the media and reporters about why they were changing fee for employers and eliminated staff members. The following is a statement from a representative at University of Phoenix about changing compensation, We are the first to do so among trademarked schools, and it is an important change that is clearly something that regulators and policy makers in Washington want to see (De Groote, Michael of Deseret News).This statement alone lets any potential student know that the reason for the change is to align with what the government wants to see. This puts in the customers mind that the UOPX is serious about abiding to guidelines and policies. Making such a statement is a bold move and advantageous in creating the competitive edge for the university. Beca use the university is the first to make such a change this allows students whether new or old, know they are serious about the accreditation of the school. They proved this by making a tough decision even though it may have displayed weakness but were essential at the time.possessionUOPX markets itself as an accredited institution that provides education at the highest level. It provides students an online library with resources that represent the integrity of the university and the product UOPX delivers to its students. This information and the content provided represent the outbound logistics and the gross sales and marketing value chain for University of Phoenix. The university packages this information to attract students to the benefits and value of the product. Accuracy, quality, and flow of this information (outbound logistics) will determine the success of this value chain and the impact on the entire system. If this value chain breaks down the synergy of the organization will be lost.The raw materials and operations value chains can be managed dead but if the logistics of the customers access to this information is flawed, UOPX will fail. More important, technology becomes a key support to this value chain because the content, accuracy, and accessibility of this information is a primary point of difference for UOPX. Leaders must have excellent communication with the technology team and logistics team to coordinate the product in a way that offers value to the student but not overwhelming him or her with complicated application to access the information. Accuracy and quality of the information will reflect the sales and service value chain. UOPX markets itself as an institution that affords students every benefit of a traditional brick and mortar university. With that statement UOPX must ensure that all information obtained from the students complies with screen regulations and material found within the university library is credible.Communicate Ch angeUniversity of Phoenix is at the forefront of technology in an educational environment. The company is continually flavour for the best technology to be used in the adult education field. To stay at the top as the largest private university the organization must be able to communicate internally with employees and externally with customers. some(prenominal)(predicate) resources reach out to different individuals. Apollo Group is the parent company of University of Phoenix.Within the walls of the company Apollo group uses several ways to communicate with employees about technology changes coming down the road. The organization uses both broadcast e-mail as well as individual e-mail to put across information on technology researched, beta tested, and progressed pertaining to the implementation plan. The organization uses an internal website and network to allow employees to learn more about different projects and give comment to the project teams. Employees can access training materials for the new technology implemented or considered for implementation.Social ContractSocial contract will meet these principles of social contract through actively contributing revenue earned through the successful implementation of new technology. This shows the benefit rather than just the revenue by exemplifying to the public that this company is in support and contributes to welfare of society and not just focused on maximizing profit. University of Phoenixs yearly report will highlight the progress of our social responsibility on many levels. Including furthering members of society education, minority help, donations to arts, and social welfare agencies that will repair many social conditions. Through implementing a well planned/organized technology, these standards of ethical issues will be met. Ethical issues concur with the science of human avocation to one another.Giving social responsibility to society exemplifies an easy and unique decision for our future inve stors. Primary functions, such as product research and development, ware, and marketing and support functions, such as human resources, public relations, and information systems (Regan & OConnor, 2002, p. 17) are extremely important primary functions involved in actively and directly involving the production and marketing for this product. The IT department expanded to other departments of the new technology will correlate a focus on organization-wide management to develop skills of knowledge management in training and development issues.OwnershipAny organization has social responsibilities to the community and the employees. Technology plays a role in that responsibility. Not only does University of Phoenix use technology to service its customers but also to help the employees of Apollo group. The University of Phoenix uses secure technology programs to transmit information with the Department of Education and channelize Loans. The students social security number, birth date, con tact information, and sometimes banking information must be secure. Personal information must be protect because of concealment rights set in place by the federal government. One of the largest reasons to protect this information is identity theft. This would be the biggest failure of social responsibility.TechnologyTechnology is used to help employees as well. Apollo group employs people across the nation. Human resources to provide benefits and pay to all employees use technology. Paperwork for different types of leave is transmitted electronically. Changes in own(prenominal) information are kept on the human resources website. The University of Phoenix uses technology to remediate and support the well-being of the employees. Through the internal intranet system, the employees have access to resources to become healthier, physically, and mentally. Through the same HR site, employees can view paychecks, vacation, sick hours, change personal information, and complete training. T echnology is continually being used to help employees. many another(prenominal) items have to consider when researching going global. In fact, the world is becoming a smaller place in terms of business. With all the new technology, it is easy for a business to be productive in other countries. E-mail, video teleconferencing, the Internet, and e-commerce are some of the methods used by businesses so that they can be in more than one place. Many rules apply that may make the transition difficult if not known. Possessing an IT manager is a must when going global because of the rules and regulations of other countries for the Internet. web accessibility in some countries is limited that would make setting up the Internet in another kingdom difficult. Each country has policies and procedures that must be followed in order for use of the Internet to be used (W3C Web Accessibility initiative, 25 August 2006). This means that a company should understand the policies and procedures before they purchase their property in the country. Being online will be one of the most important tasks this business will have. Without the use of the Internet the business will be, blind so to speak from their sister locations, and this may pose a problem to the company.The long term effects of cultural and languages differences on a companys business operations can be positive and negative for an organization depending on how that organization is prepared for that development. Organizations must understand the countries glossiness when expanding to that country. Different cultures have different customs that is acceptable and unacceptable in that country. The long-term effect of an organization moving into a country and conducting business not fully aware of those habits and customs in that country can result in very negative for that organization. Different nations have different customs that he or she is accustomed too. If an organization crosses those lines in the form of the emplo yee, those employees will not work as effetely as he or she should. This happens because of an individual upset with the organization and expense more resources complaining about what had happen.This result for the organization will take time to resolve to make things work for the better. That organization must communicate with the employees and other members of the community what the goal is for the organization. If the goal is positive for both the organization and country than that business will result in a win-win solution for everyone involved. In an organizations viewpoint it should be able to communicate effetely so that miscommunication cannot accrue. If an organization does have miscommunication, the organization must be able to correct that miscommunication as quickly as possible to save the organization from down time.Organizations can benefit from expanding globally if it is done correctly. The correct way to do this is to have research done on the country that the orga nization is looking to expand. This will ensure that the organization is successful in working with that organization. The long-term effect for doing business that must expand to stay competitive is positive for the organizations and expands employment for other people involved. Expansion is a necessity for organizations. With that necessity, the expansion should have the research needed to support effective communication within that organization.OwnershipUOPX markets itself as an accredited institution that provides education at the highest level. It provides students an online library with resources that represent the integrity of the university and the product UOPX delivers to its students. This information and the content provided represent the outbound logistics and the sales and marketing value chain for University of Phoenix. The university packages this information to attract students to the benefits and value of the product. Accuracy, quality, and flow of this information ( outbound logistics) will determine the success of this value chain and the impact on the entire system. If this value chain breaks down the synergy of the organization will be lost. The raw materials and operations value chains can be managed perfectly but if the logistics of the customers access to this information is flawed, UOPX will fail.More important, technology becomes a key support to this value chain because the content, accuracy, and accessibility of this information is a primary point of difference for UOPX. Leaders must have excellent communication with the technology team and logistics team to coordinate the product in a way that offers value to the student but not overwhelming him or her with complicated application to access the information. Accuracy and quality of the information will reflect the sales and service value chain. UOPX markets itself as an institution that affords students every benefit of a traditional brick and mortar university. With that statement UO PX must ensure that all information obtained from the students complies with privacy regulations and material found within the university library is credible.Communicate ChangeUniversity of Phoenix is at the forefront of technology in an educational environment. The company is continually looking for the best technology to be used in the adult education field. To stay at the top as the largest private university the organization must be able to communicate internally with employees and externally with customers. Different resources reach out to different individuals. Apollo Group is the parent company of University of Phoenix. Within the walls of the company Apollo group uses several ways to communicate with employees about technology changes coming down the road. The organization uses both broadcast e-mail as well as individual e-mail to relay information on technology researched, beta tested, and progressed pertaining to the implementation plan. The organization uses an internal w ebsite and network to allow employees to learn more about different projects and give input to the project teams. Employees can access training materials for the new technology implemented or considered for implementation.Social ContractSocial contract will meet these principles of social contract through actively contributing revenue earned through the successful implementation of new technology. This shows the benefit rather than just the revenue by exemplifying to the public that this company is in support and contributes to welfare of society and not just focused on maximizing profit. University of Phoenixs annual report will highlight the progress of our social responsibility on many levels. Including furthering members of society education, minority help, donations to arts, and social welfare agencies that will improve many social conditions. Through implementing a well planned/organized technology, these standards of ethical issues will be met.Ethical issues concur with the s cience of human duty to one another. Giving social responsibility to society exemplifies an easy and unique decision for our future investors. Primary functions, such as product research and development, production, and marketing and support functions, such as human resources, public relations, and information systems (Regan & OConnor, 2002, p. 17) are extremely important primary functions involved in actively and directly involving the production and marketing for this product. The IT department expanded to other departments of the new technology will correlate a focus on organization-wide management to develop skills of knowledge management in training and development issues.OwnershipAny organization has social responsibilities to the community and the employees. Technology plays a role in that responsibility. Not only does University of Phoenix use technology to service its customers but also to help the employees of Apollo group. The University of Phoenix uses secure technology programs to transmit information with the Department of Education and Direct Loans. The students social security number, birth date, contact information, and sometimes banking information must be secure. Personal information must be protected because of privacy rights set in place by the federal government. One of the largest reasons to protect this information is identity theft. This would be the biggest failure of social responsibility.TechnologyTechnology is used to help employees as well. Apollo group employs people across the nation. Human resources to provide benefits and pay to all employees use technology. Paperwork for different types of leave is transmitted electronically. Changes in personal information are kept on the human resources website. The University of Phoenix uses technology to improve and support the well-being of the employees. Through the internal intranet system, the employees have access to resources to become healthier, physically, and mentally. Through th e same HR site, employees can view paychecks, vacation, sick hours, change personal information, and complete training. Technology is continually being used to help employees. Many items have to consider when researching going global. In fact, the world is becoming a smaller place in terms of business.With all the new technology, it is easy for a business to be productive in other countries. E-mail, video teleconferencing, the Internet, and e-commerce are some of the methods used by businesses so that they can be in more than one place. Many rules apply that may make the transition difficult if not known. Possessing an IT manager is a must when going global because of the rules and regulations of other countries for the Internet. Web accessibility in some countries is limited that would make setting up the Internet in another country difficult. Each country has policies and procedures that must be followed in order for use of the Internet to be used (W3C Web Accessibility initiative , 25 August 2006). This means that a company should understand the policies and procedures before they purchase their property in the country.Being online will be one of the most important tasks this business will have. Without the use of the Internet the business will be, blind so to speak from their sister locations, and this may pose a problem to the company. The long term effects of cultural and languages differences on a companys business operations can be positive and negative for an organization depending on how that organization is prepared for that development. Organizations must understand the countries culture when expanding to that country. Different cultures have different customs that is acceptable and unacceptable in that country. The long-term effect of an organization moving into a country and conducting business not fully aware of those habits and customs in that country can result in very negative for that organization. Different nations have different customs tha t he or she is accustomed too.If an organization crosses those lines in the form of the employee, those employees will not work as effetely as he or she should. This happens because of an individual upset with the organization and spending more resources complaining about what had happen. This result for the organization will take time to resolve to make things work for the better. That organization must communicate with the employees and other members of the community what the goal is for the organization. If the goal is positive for both the organization and country than that business will result in a win-win solution for everyone involved. In an organizations standpoint it should be able to communicate effetely so that miscommunication cannot accrue. If an organization does have miscommunication, the organization must be able to correct that miscommunication as quickly as possible to save the organization from down time.Organizations can benefit from expanding globally if it is d one correctly. The correct way to do this is to have research done on the country that the organization is looking to expand. This will ensure that the organization is successful in working with that organization. The long-term effect for doing business that must expand to stay competitive is positive for the organizations and expands employment for other people involved. Expansion is a necessity for organizations. With that necessity, the expansion should have the research needed to support effective communication within that organization. To allow a company to grow, the expansion globally may need to take place. Whereas this would be an excellent feat to take on, there are technology issues that can occur in the process. It is best to prepare oneself for any technology issue that may arise. First, it is important to understand where the company plans to spread globally and if that country is capable of meeting the standards required in the United States.One issue that may arise is some countries lack the infrastructure to support such technology (Encyclopedia of Business, p. 1). If this occurs, a solution may be establishing intermediate technology for the time being. Another problem could be security when business is conducted online. Other countries may not uphold the same privacy acts as The United States therefore customers could suffer because of this. One key issue would be the Internet and how quickly information can be communicated. Looking at University of Phoenix the online students would suffer in another country if they did not have comparable Internet to the United States. This would halt their schooling, and this would not be something the university would want for the student.Another factor would be the time difference and tech support available for students who need it in other time zones. Hence, it is crucial to research and know the location thoroughly so these technology issues would not take place. Team C completed extensive research on University of Phoenixs technology plan and current upgrades. UOPX has a business description of giving all individuals the chance to receive a degree to improve his or her marketability and improving his or her lively hood. Technology has an enormous impact on UOPX because a majority of students attends classes on-line.The university has a stringent policy on proper conduct of students and faculty. UOPX requires and expects all stakeholders to respect and treat all students and employees with proper etiquette. In addition, UOPX has students and instructors around the world. This requires UOPX to establish technology and support staff that is well versed in the technology that is used by all stakeholders. UOPX has consistently been on the for-front of technological advancement for on-line classes. The university has consistently sought out the best and brightest individuals in the technology field to stay ahead of all other on-line universities. Because of being on the for-front, UOP X has continued to set the standard with-in the for-profit universities.ReferencesInformation Systems and Technology Articles. (2011, April). Wireless theme Can our Current System Handle Bandwidth Demands. Retrieved from http//www.phonix.edu University of Phoenix. (2011). Introducing PhoenixConnect The University of Phoenix Academic Social Network. Retrieved from http//www.phoenix.edu/colleges_divisions/business/articles/2011/01/introducing-phoenixconnect-the-university-of-phoenix-academic-social-network.html Regan, E., & OConnor, B. (2002). End-User Information Systems Implementing Individual and Work Group Technologies. University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text. A Pearson Education Company. Retrieved from chap7,pg.6 , TEC401 website. Deggs, D. Grover, K. Kacirek, K. (Sep. 2010) EXPECTATIONS OF ADULT GRADUATE STUDENTS IN AN ONLINE DEGREE PROGRAM. College Student Journal, 01463934, Sep2010, Vol. 44, Issue 3 retrieved June 4, 2011 from EBSCOhost Bateman, T.S., & Snell, S.A. (2009 ). Management Leading and Collaborating in a competitory World. (8th ed.) McGraw-Hill. University of Phoenix, (2006-2011), retrieved on June 2, 2011 from http//www.phoenix.edu/ Change Management Learning Center. (1996-2011). An Overview of Change Management. Retrieved from http//www.change-managment.com/change-managment-overview.htm http//www.deseretnews.com/article/700088460/University-of-Phoenix-enrollment-drops-because-of-changes-to-enrollment-recruiting-practices.html NetMBA Business Knowledge Center, Strategy. (2010). The Value Chain. Retrieved from http//www.netmba.com W3C Web Accessibility initiative. (25 August 2006). Policies Relating to Web Accessibility. Retrieved from http//www.w3.org/WAI/PolicyRegan, E. A., & OConnor, B. N. (2002). End-User Information Systems Implementing Individual and Work Group Technologies (2nd ed.). Pearson, NY Prentice-Hall.