Income Inequality and Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Income Inequality and Economic Growth - Essay Example In an attempt to achieve income equality, there are various approaches that may be applicable. One is the redistribution of income through progressive tax regimes where the rich are heavily taxed and the poor are exempted from taxation, thus, increasing their disposable income. Another way may be to invest in activities that create employment and wealth for the poor such as infrastructural development and education (Alam 46). Another way to promote equality is by encouraging high-income earners to invest their excess incomes in projects that create employment for low-income earners. This can be achievable by making luxury items unattractive to buy and making investment opportunities very attractive. It is imperative to assert that attainment of equality is never free. Therefore, the opportunity cost of enjoying luxurious items or investing in other sectors should not provide incentives for the low-income earners. Economies should aim to reduce the economic burden on the poor through income redistribution, which eventually leads to

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay Great Expectations, a novel by Charles Dickens, was first published in England as a serial in the years 1860 and 61 then later as a novel. It runs to 448 pages in modern paperback. The work is considered to be autobiographical and told in first person as a memoir of the orphan boy, Pip. Dickens’ thesis is moral in nature, saying that love, loyalty and a clean conscience are more important than wealth, social class and ambition. Pip believes he is in love with the Estella, a ward of the rich Mrs. Havisham and seeks to become a gentleman in order to win her heart. He comes to realize his sister and her husband and the convicted criminal, Magwitch, though low in social class, display more character than those he knows of the upper class. Dickens, through his protagonist, advances the idea that nobility is not noble by nature, and one can advance on his own intelligence and work ethic (183). Mrs. Havisham’s family earned their money in commerce but she still represents wealth. Dickens depicts her as a bitter and vengeful old woman, full of hatred for men. She uses Pip and encourages the like-minded Estella to break his heart (60). Pip comes into money and believes that the upper class Mrs. Havisham is his benefactress, which is not true. His money comes from the convict Magwitch who wants to make Pip a gentleman for his own reasons (335). Bentley Drummle, while a minor character, is used by Dickens to show that nobility does not confer morality on a person. Dickens proves his thesis by the relating the callous behavior of the upper classes, compared and contrasted to the kindness of his poor family and the lower classes represented. He produces a litany of noble scoundrels and lowborn citizens with high moral fiber for the reader to consider.

hepatitis :: essays research papers

Hepatitis Hepatitis In modern society when a person gets sick with the flu or a cold they will usually go about their normal routine with the exception of a sneeze or a cough throughout the day. Sometimes things can be more than what they appear to be. The symptoms start out like the flu with coughing, fever, aches, and vomiting. However, the disease gradually worsens with symptoms of extreme weakness and excruciating abdominal pain. By then it is usually too late when the person finds out that their liver is failing and that there disease is caused by one of the most contagious, dangerous and deadliest of viruses. These viruses that were initially concealed by flu like symptoms are now known collectively as the disease of Hepatitis. The disease of Hepatitis is actually by six different types of viral infections, namely, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis descries the destructive affect of the viral invasion of the body and liver by six and separate viruses. Each type of viral infection varies from one to another in degree of severity. The names of the viruses are in alphabetical order corresponding to their discovery. There is also a non-viral Hepatitis which is caused by substance. One rumor that has spread about hepatitis is that a person can only contract Hepatitis if associated with HIV or AIDS. This is not true! Any one can become infected with Hepatitis. Unfortunately this is about all most people know of Hepatitis. They need to know the full horror of which the virus is capable. The first of the Hepatitis viral infection to be discovered is Hepatitis A. Hep. A is the mild mannered virus compared to the other viruses. It has the symptoms of influenza, fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakening of body, but it does have some differences such as jaundice (a yellowing pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes) and urine appears to be a darker color. Jaundice is caused by an abundance of bilirubon which has not been removed from the blood system due to the infected liver. Hep. A does not have any special medications or antibiotics that can be used to treat or prevent this unpleasant virus. Some ways of avoiding this viral infection include washing the hands very carefully and not eating food or drink of others. People living in the same house or having close contact should clean the area very thoroughly.

Clash of Culture Essay

Even though the â€Å"New World† had already had 115 years of contact, the year 1607 is often regarded as the first year of American History. In the year 1607 the English established their first lasting colony. This colony would later become the United States. Jamestown, which is present day Virginia begun by the Virginia Company of London. In the beginning Jamestown consisted of 104 colonists, some of who favored the plantation model of settlement others of whom favored the conquistador model. Due to the English gentlemen’s lack of motivation to work the land, or build fortification, failure was upon them. The Natives who were living in the area where Jamestown was established were unsure of the newcomer’s arrival. The Natives first reaction to the newcomers was hostile, due to their previous experience with Spanish explorers along the coastline. The English settlers had not only the Natives to worry about, but they also had to worry about the Spanish that were along the coastline. The first years of the settler’s time in the â€Å"New World† were difficult and trying. They were faced with disease, lack of food, and poor management. Historians refer to this time as the â€Å"starving time†, when food and supplies were almost nonexistent, and at least one colonist resorted to cannibalism. The only thing that kept the colony functioning was the continued arrival of colonist. As the colony deteriorated during its first two years, Captain John Smith’s leadership saved the colony. Part of this leadership involved exploring the area and making he risky decision to approach the Natives and attempt to trade with them jewels for food. John Smith unfortunately was injured by gunfire, and left Jamestown and went back to England. The first setters were in many ways dependent on Powhatan Confederacy for food. Powhatan and his tribe saw the English as allies who would trade their  weapons for the Natives food. The Powhatan saw this opportunity of trading food for weapons as a way to help Chief Powhatan his confederacy against other tribes. Because the Natives knew little about what the colonist had in mind as far as how the settlers wanted to to develop the New World, or how they intended to go about doing it, the Natives found it somewhat difficult to go into trade with them. The relationship of the Jamestown colonist and Powhatan’s tribe were difficult at times, and sometimes violent, but though there were trial and tribulations between the two cultures, the Powhatan Confederacy assisted the settlers throughout the trying early years. Around 1610 , the English settlers caught a break, they successfully cultivated tobacco. The Spanish had first introduced the crop to Europeans back in the late 1500’s, after coming across it in the Caribbean. Tobacco had been a great success in the European markets. By 1612, the Virginia settler John Rolfe had successfully cultivated an imported strain of tobacco in Jamestown. The Jamestown settlers shipped the first crop to England in 1617, and within a few years they were shipping around 1.5 million pounds. The success of growing tobacco made Jamestown more desirable, but growing tobacco was a laboring job. To meet the demands early, and not fall behind, the colonist tried to force the Natives to work their tobacco fields. The Jamestown colonists were met with objections from the Native people. The Natives wanted no part in growing surplus crops for monetary reasons, and the colonist didn’t have the force to enslave the Natives. In 1619 Dutch traders imported a small number of Africans to Jamestown, who were forced to do most of the hard work of growing the tobacco and establishing the town. Jamestown continued to grow, and the growth was causing Jamestown to have to deal with increased hostility with the Natives and also the introduction of African slavery. Local Native tribes began to become leery of the growth of Jamestown because the growth was infringing on lands that had been open to them before the colonist arrived. After the death of Powhatan in 1618, the new chief Opechancanough began planning attacks to get rid of the colonist. One of these attacks in 1622 resulted in 357 English colonist dying, which was about one-quarter of the Jamestown population. The attack caused the colonist to feel that retaliation was in order, and they set to kill every Native they came in contact with. Hostilities grew between the colonist and the Natives. The  Natives felt threatened by the fact that their way of life and the land they new was being taken over by these new comers. The colonist of Jamestown success has greatly to do with the help they received from the Native people. Though their relationship began in a somewhat peaceful fashion, it soon became a hostile relationship. The question is did it have to end the way it did? Could they bo th have come to mutual agreement, and even helped one another and cohabitated peacefully? Or were the two cultures so different that they were destined to clash at some point in time? References Scham, S. (2006). A Native Take on Jamestown. Archaeology, 59(1), 24. Tarter, B. (2007). Making history in virginia. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 115(1), 3-55. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/195928212?accountid=458 ZONGKER, B. (2013, May 02). Scholars find cannibalism at jamestown, va., settlement. Spartanburg Herald – Journal Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1348619236?accountid=458 Schultz, K. M. (2014). HIST3, volume 1: US history through 1877 (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.

Childhood Obesity And Epidemiology Health And Social Care Essay

The survey of distribution and determiners of health-related jobs or events in a specific population is epidemiology. The application of this survey is to command the wellness job ( Stanhope & A ; Lancaster, 2008, p 220 ) . Epidemiologists study wellness related jobs like infective disease, chronic unwellnesss, environmental issues, and identified hazard factors and interventions. These surveies â€Å" enable us to understand the association between larning disablements and exposure to lead-based pigment dust, asthma aggravation and air pollution, and GI disease and waterborne Cryptosporidia. Environmental surveillance, such as childhood lead registers, provides informations with which to track and analyse incidence and prevalence of wellness results † ( Stanhope & A ; Lancaster, 2008, 240 ) The epidemiology triangle long-run effects of being an fleshy stripling is that there is a 70 % opportunity of them going overweight or corpulent grownups and 80 % if one or more parent in the place A is fleshy or corpulent. When fleshiness in childhood falls over into maturity, it increases the hazard of a general hapless wellness position. â€Å" In 2000, the entire cost of fleshiness for kids and grownups in the United States was estimated to be $ 117 billion where $ 61 billion are direct medical costs. † ( The World and I, 2006 ) . Childhood fleshiness has many finding factors, the most outstanding factors being theA deficiency of physical activity, unhealthy feeding, genetic sciences and societal factors, † socio-economic position, race/ethnicity, media and selling, and the physical environment. ( Kumanyika, 2008 ) . In general, eating more foodsA at fast nutrient eating houses than they are eating at place, imbibing more sugary drinks, and noshing on more unhealthy nutrients like french friess and french friess often has become prevailing among kids and striplings. This alteration is contributed to the American demand for convenience. A big per centum of kids ‘s leisure clip comes from Americans ‘ demand for watching telecasting, utilizing the computing machine, and playing video games occupy, which are act uponing their physical activity degrees. â€Å" It is estimated that kids in the United States are passing 25 % of their waking hours watching telecasting and statistically, kids who wat ch the most hours of telecasting have the highest incidence of fleshiness. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . This tendency is evident and a major hazard factor to child goon fleshiness because while the sedentary activity of watching Television and picture games normally involves the composing of repasts high in fat. Along with the dietetic alterations that affect childhood fleshiness, schools are besides lending by diminishing the sum of free drama allowed for kids during school. There are merely a 3rd of American simple schools, allow kids to hold day-to-day physical instruction, and merely a 5th of the simple schools have extracurricular actives for the kids to take part in. â€Å" Daily registration in physical instruction categories among high school pupils decreased from 42 % in 1991 to 25 % in 1995, later increasing somewhat to 28 % in 2003 † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 ) . Surveies have showed that when parents eat fruits and veggies and they are readily available the penchants for kids to wantA such an point as a pick of bite are increased † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Researchers besides indicate that the societal context in which a kid is introduced to or has experiences with nutrient is instrumental in determining nutrient penchants the feeding environment that a kid is involved in will find the feeding pattern the kid will do in his or her life-time ( Birch, 2006 ) . â€Å" For many kids, feeding is a societal event that frequently times occurs in the presence of parents, other grownups, older siblings and equals. Children typically observe the behaviours and penchants of others in their milieus. This becomes the function theoretical accounts. Children observation in unhealthy eating wonts and behaviours has brought a rise in childhood weight jobs † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Constraints on parent ‘s clip potentially contribute to kids ‘s weight jobs, as working parents likely rely more to a great extent than non-working parents on prepared, processed, and fast nutrients, which by and large have high Calorie, high fat, and low nutritionary content. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Children left unsupervised after school may do hapless nutritionary picks and prosecute in more sedentary activities. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Childcare suppliers may non offer as many chances for physical activity and may offer less alimentary nutrient options. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Unsupervised kids may pass a great trade of clip indoors, possibly because of safety concerns, watching Television or playing video games instead than prosecuting in more active out-of-door chases. â€Å" ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . In short, the alterations in American society, peculiarly societal and economic alterations, have encouraged unhealthy wonts of extra ingestion. â€Å" These alterations have [ influenced ] the nutrients available in the places, the grade of influence parents have when kids make nutrient choices and has led to additions in sedentary behaviours among young person. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Finally there has been a big argument over whether or non overexposure to nutrient advertisement has increased the incidence rates of childhood fleshiness. â€Å" Furthermore, an accrued organic structure of research reveals that more than 50 per centum of telecasting advertizements directed at kids promote nutrients and drinks such as confect, convenience nutrients, bite nutrients, sugar sweetened drinks and sweetened breakfast cereals that are high in Calories and fat and low in fibre and alimentary denseness. The statistics on nutrient advertisement to kids indicate that: i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Annual gross revenues of nutrients and drinks to immature consumers exceeded $ 27 billion in 2002. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Food and drink advertizers jointly spend $ 10 to $ 12 billion yearly to make kids and young person: more than $ 1 billion is spent on media publicizing to kids ( chiefly on telecasting ) ; more than $ 4.5 billion is spent on youth-targeted public dealingss ; and $ 3 billion is spent on packaging designed for kids. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Fast nutrient mercantile establishments spend $ 3 billion in telecasting ads targeted to kids † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . There are a figure of root causes of fleshiness in kids. However, taking merely one or two chief causes or factors is impossible given the current information because the possible influences of fleshiness have many interlacing factors. â€Å" Another research spread stems from deficiency of a perspective longitudinal survey that links dietetic and other behaviour forms to development of fleshiness. Another complication of current informations is that there is a demand for more precise and dependable steps of dietetic consumption and activity degrees, as single callback of events and diet are non the most reliable beginnings for information † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Early bar of fleshiness is indispensable in more is understood about how genetic sciences is involved. â€Å" Research is merely get downing to explicate how gustatory sensation penchants develop, their biochemical underpinnings and how this information may be utile in controling chi ldhood weight addition. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 ) . â€Å" Primary bar is non an option for many kids who are already fleshy. Research on successful intercessions for kids who are fleshy or at hazard of going corpulence is highly of import to cut down efficaciously childhood fleshiness in this state. † ( Maternal and Child Health Library, 2008 ) . â€Å" However, the basicss are clear, to remain healthy, eat a balanced diet and give equal clip to physical activity. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . This will assist epidemiologists and maintain down the cost of going healthy.

Facts You Dont Know About Anne Frank and Her Diary

Facts You Don't Know About Anne Frank and Her Diary On June 12, 1941, Anne Franks 13th birthday, she received a red-and-white checkered diary as a gift. That very day, she wrote her first entry. Two years later, Anne Frank wrote her last entry, on August 1, 1944. Three days later,  Nazis  discovered the Secret Annex and all eight of its inhabitants, including Anne Frank, were sent to concentration camps. In March 1945, Anne Frank passed away from typhus. After World War II, Otto Frank was reunited with Annes diary and decided to publish it. Since then, it has become an international bestseller and an essential read for every teenager. But despite our familiarity with Anne Franks story, there are still some things you might not know about Anne Frank and her diary. Anne Frank Wrote Under a Pseudonym When Anne Frank readied her diary for eventual publication, she created pseudonyms for the people she wrote about in her diary. Although you are familiar with the pseudonyms of Albert Dussel (the real-life Freidrich Pfeffer) and Petronella van Daan (the real-life Auguste van Pels) because these pseudonyms appear in most published versions of the diary, do you know what pseudonym Anne chose for herself? Even though Anne had chosen pseudonyms for everyone hiding in the Annex, when it came time to publish the diary after the war, Otto Frank decided to keep the pseudonyms for the other four people in the Annex but to use the real names of his family. This is why we know Anne Frank by her real name rather than as Anne Aulis (her original choice of a pseudonym) or as Anne Robin (the name Anne later chose for herself). Anne chose the pseudonyms Betty Robin for Margot Frank, Frederik Robin for Otto Frank, and Nora Robin for Edith Frank. Not Every Entry Begins with "Dear Kitty" In nearly every published version of Anne Franks diary, each diary entry begins with Dear Kitty. However, this was not always true in Annes original written diary. In Annes first, red-and-white-checkered notebook, Anne sometimes wrote to other names such as Pop, Phien, Emmy, Marianne, Jetty, Loutje, Conny, and Jackie. These names appeared on entries dating from September 25, 1942, until November 13, 1942. It is believed that Anne took these names from characters found in a series of popular Dutch books written by Cissy van Marxveldt, which featured a strong-willed heroine (Joop ter Heul). Another character in these books, Kitty Francken, is believed to have been the inspiration for the Dear Kitty on most of Annes diary entries. Anne Rewrote Her Personal Diary for Publication When Anne first received the red-and-white-checkered notebook (which was an autograph album) for her 13th birthday, she immediately wanted to use it as a diary. As she wrote in her very first entry on June 12, 1942: I hope I will be able to confide everything to you, as I have never been able to confide in anyone, and I hope you will be a great source of comfort and support. From the beginning, Anne intended her diary to be written just for herself and hoped no one else was going to read it. This changed on March 28, 1944, when Anne heard a speech on the radio given by the Dutch Cabinet Minister Gerrit Bolkestein. Bolkestein stated: History cannot be written on the basis of official decisions and documents alone. If our descendants are to understand fully what we as a nation have had to endure and overcome during these years, then what we really need are ordinary documents a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, a collection of sermons given by a parson or priest. Not until we succeed in bringing together vast quantities of this simple, everyday material will the picture of our struggle for freedom be painted in its full depth and glory. Inspired to have her diary published after the war, Anne began to rewrite all of it on loose sheets of paper. In doing so, she shortened some entries while lengthening others, clarified some situations, uniformly addressed all of the entries to Kitty, and created a list of pseudonyms. Although she nearly finished this monumental task, Anne, unfortunately, didnt have time to rewrite the entire diary before her arrest on August 4, 1944. The last diary entry Anne rewrote was March 29, 1944. Anne Frank's 1943 Notebook is Missing The red-and-white-checkered autograph album has in many ways become the symbol of Annes diary. Perhaps because of this, many readers have the misconception that all of Annes diary entries lay within this single notebook. Although Anne began writing in the red-and-white-checkered notebook on June 12, 1942, she had filled it by the time she wrote her December 5, 1942, diary entry. Since Anne was a prolific writer, she had to use several notebooks to hold all of her diary entries. In addition to the red-and-white-checkered notebook, two other notebooks have been found. The first of these was an exercise book that contained Annes diary entries from December 22, 1943, to April 17, 1944. The second was another exercise book that covered from April 17, 1944, until right before her arrest. If you look carefully at the dates, you will notice that the notebook that must have contained Annes diary entries for most of 1943 is missing. Dont freak out, however, and think that you didnt notice a year-long gap in diary entries in your copy of Anne Franks Diary of a Young Girl. Since Annes rewrites for this period had been found, these were used to fill in for the lost original diary notebook. It is unclear exactly when or how this second notebook was lost. One can be reasonably certain that Anne had the notebook in hand when she created her rewrites in the summer of 1944, but we have no evidence of whether the notebook was lost before or after Annes arrest. Anne Frank Was Treated for Anxiety and Depression Those around Anne Frank saw her as a bubbly, vivacious, talkative, perky, funny girl and yet as her time in the Secret Annex lengthened; she became sullen, self-reproachful, and morose. The same girl who could write so beautifully about birthday poems, girlfriends, and royal genealogical charts, was the same one who described feelings of complete misery. On October 29, 1943, Anne wrote, Outside, you dont hear a single bird, and a deathly, oppressive silence hangs over the house and clings to me as if it were going to drag me into the deepest regions of the underworld.... I wander from room to room, climb up and down the stairs and feel like a songbird whose wings have been ripped off and who keeps hurling itself against the bars of its dark cage. Anne had become depressed. On September 16, 1943, Anne admitted that she has started taking drops of valerian for her anxiety and depression. The following month, Anne was still depressed and had lost her appetite. Anne says that her family has been plying me with dextrose, cod-liver oil, brewers yeast, and calcium. Unfortunately, the real cure for Annes depression was to be freed from her confinement - a treatment that was impossible to procure.

Roman Coliseum essays

Roman Coliseum essays 1. If I could be any one of the characters in the book The Outsiders, I would be Ponyboy because of his many good characteristics. He is intelligent which show by his good marks in school. He understands that its wrong to fight unless for self-defense. He is heroic; this shows by the fact that he ran into the burning church to save the children at the risk of his own life. Also, he has a bright future and many opportunities in his life because of his school grades and good-natured personality. These characteristics are what separate him from the other greasers and are also why I want to be like him. 2. It is five years after the worst week in Ponyboys life and many things have changed. Ponyboy has finished high school with top marks. He has quit smoking and is an all-star runner for the track team and was voted most likely to succeed. He has been offered several full scholarships to some of the best colleges in the country. Him and his brothers moved out of the city after Ponyboy finished high school and Darry decided to go to college. Ponyboy has learned that good things can come out of bad lives and has stayed gold. 3. I think the title of the book The Outsiders is a very good title considering the book itself. I think that the title described two people. I think Ponyboy is an outsider because hes not like the other greasers. He is not a hood because hes smart, level headed, and caring. Hes not tough like Dally because he picked up the glass from a bottle that he smashed. He also is one of the only greasers with a bright future; his education will take him far in life regardless of where he grew up. Also, Randy is an outsider. Randy is not like the other socials. He understands that fighting wont solve anything. He also doesnt hate all of the greasers just because everybody else does. He is a bright boy and finally understands that soc ...

Quotes to Inspire Educators

Quotes to Inspire Educators Teaching can be a tough profession, and educators might need a little inspiration to find motivation for that next class or lesson or even just to keep going. Plenty of philosophers, writers, poets, and teachers have provided pithy sayings about this noble profession over the centuries. Peruse some of these thoughts about education and be inspired. Inspiration A teacher who is attempting to teach without inspiring the pupil with a desire to learn is hammering on a cold iron. - Horace Mann Mann, an early-19th-century educator, wrote numerous books on the profession, including On the Art of Teaching, which was published in 1840 but is still relevant today. A master can tell you what he expects of you. A teacher, though, awakens your own expectations. - Patricia Neal Neal, an Oscar-winning actress who died in 2010, was likely referring to movie directors, who can either act like masters dictating what they want their actors to do or motivate their thespians through inspiration and teaching. The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. - William Arthur Ward One of Americas most quoted writers of inspirational maxims, according to Wikipedia, Ward offered many other thoughts about education, such as this one listed by azquotes: The adventure of life is to learn. The purpose of life is to grow. The nature of life is to change. The challenge of life is to overcome.    Conveying Knowledge I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think. - Socrates Arguably the most famous Greek philosopher, Socrates  developed the Socratic method, where he would throw out a string of questions that sparked critical thinking. The art of teaching is the art of assisting discovery. - Mark Van Doren A 20th-century writer and poet, Van Doren would have known a thing or two about education: He was an English professor at Columbia University for nearly 40 years. Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it. - Samuel Johnson Its not surprising that Johnson would have commented on the value of looking up information. He wrote and published A Dictionary of the English Language in 1755, one of the first and most important English-language dictionaries. The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and change. - Carl Rogers A giant in his field, Rogers was the founder of the humanistic approach to psychology, based on the principle that to grow, a person needs an environment that provides genuineness, acceptance, and empathy, according to SimplyPsychology. The Noble Profession Education, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of man... - Horace Mann Mann, the 19th-century educator, warrants a second quote on this list  because his thoughts are so telling. The notion of education as a social tool- an equalizer that cuts through all socioeconomic levels- is a major tenet of American public education. If you would thoroughly know anything, teach it to others. - Tryon Edwards Edwards, a 19th-century theologian, offered this concept that applies equally to teachers and students. If you really want your students to show they understand the material, teach it to them first, and then have them teach it back to you. A teacher is one who makes himself progressively unnecessary. - Thomas Carruthers An expert on international democracy who has taught at several universities in the United States and Europe, Carruthers is referring to one of the hardest things for a teacher to do: let go. Educating students to the point where they no longer need you is one of the highest achievements in the profession. Miscellaneous Thoughts When a teacher calls a boy by his entire name, it means trouble. - Mark Twain Of course the famous 19th-century American writer and humorist had something to say about education. After all, he was the author of classic stories about the countrys two most famous fictional mischief makers: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Good teaching is one-fourth preparation and three-fourths theater. - Gail Godwin An American novelist, Godwin took her inspiration for this quote from inventor Thomas Edison, who said, Genius is 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. If you think education is expensive, try ignorance. - Derek Bok A former president of Harvard University, where obtaining a degree can cost more than $60,000 a year, Bok makes the convincing case that forgoing education can be far more costly in the long run. â€Å"If youre not prepared to be wrong, youll never come up with anything original.† - Ken Robinson Sir Ken Robinson frequents the TED TALK circuit, discussing how schools must change if educators are to meet the needs of the future. Often funny, he  sometimes refers to education as a death valley  that we must change in order to instill a climate of possibility in our youth.

Research Type Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Type - Essay Example Grounded theory is based on symbolic interactionism; wherein behavior develops through mingling and association with others in a process composed of negotiation and renegotiation (Morse and Field, 1996). It opposes the notion of average behavior and static reaction to symbols. Phenomenology studies behavior in the context of the individual’s experience (Morse and Field, 1996). Compared with grounded theory, phenomenological research supposes that meanings and behaviors are more internally controlled rather than a result of outside influence. Both methods require the generation of huge amounts of data because of the individualistic (phenomenology) and interaction-based (grounded theory) approach that it takes and both are essential to Nursing research because a patient’s reaction to a health care practice is influenced by both internal and external factors. Managing and organizing qualitative data for analysis is needed so as to make a coherent and relevant research. One way of handling large volumes of data is by categorizing each paper or resource and coding them so as to make it easier to find a particular resource when needed. Qualitative research analysis software (i.e. Nvivo) can also be used to index and sort massive amounts of information for quicker access. The use of online data bases can also be harnessed because these data bases are already organized and streamlined so analysis will be more efficient. (Polit and Beck,

Blue Nile Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blue Nile Inc - Essay Example However, I would like to point out that it has produced very outstanding financial records as was proved by its balance sheet and cash flow. Besides, it has resorted to offering high quality diamond and jewelry products to its clients. This has been coupled with the provision of more competitive services. This is a good strategy which might enable the company to win the confidence of its clients as they seek to consider it as the company of choice amongst its competitors. The other indication for the company’s competitiveness is based on the fact that it has resorted to offering its shoppers with adequate information and guidance when conducting their purchases. This has made it possible for them to get the right information on what to acquire (Gomez-Mejia et al, 128). It is for this reason that the company has had a powerful competitive strength assessment. According to the assessment, the company has realized a high level of manufacturing, customer service, distribution, product innovation and quality production capabilities. Thus, it generated an overall weighted strength rating of 5.59. This is outstanding. ii. The company should consider counteracting the stiff competition from established firms who have conquered online diamond and jewelry business. This will increase its chances of enjoying a larger share of the online market. i. It should establish physical stores in which the shoppers can get access of its variety of commodities which are supplied to them. This will be a good idea for the company as it will make it possible for the company to be efficient and reliable in its supply. ii. The company should heavily invest on sales promotions. Meaning, it should advertize its services to all its target clients. Thus, they will get information about the existence, uses, benefits and quality of the products it deals in (Gomez-Mejia et al,

Reconstruction as Argued Upon by Booker T. Washington Essay

Reconstruction as Argued Upon by Booker T. Washington - Essay Example According to Washington, reconstruction had a serious challenge in its attempt to establish freedom. In the modern era, the procedures of putting an end to war involved a simple method whereby representatives from the warring parties would sit together in a round table and discuss measures to take in order to achieve peace. This depended on things like intensity and duration of war and reasons for fighting thereby, settlements regarding peace would range form harsh to generous. In case of a harsh resolution, the assumption was that these parties would again meet in the battlefield. Regarding America’s civil war, resolution of such kind were impossible as people regarded the warring parties that is, the Union and the Confederacy as unequal. This is because Unions accused Confederacy of their right to exist as a separate nation (57). Having ended the Confederacy’s political independence claim, the Unions perceived that, no any other party that they could negotiate with an ything regarding peace. Therefore, they left it to the federal government to decide on how to treat the defeated Confederates. Washington points out that President Lincoln had proposed an end to civil war in the midst of it. Nevertheless, it worth noting that reconstruction began sometimes prior the war in 1860 when Crittenden Committee attempted to sort for comprise that would reverse the secession course. The committee proposed Constitutional amendments that guaranteed continuum of slavery in areas where it already existed. However, all these attempts were bound to bear no fruits in response to the prevailing mood in the South. Following victories in Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga, President Lincoln hoped that the Confederates would find it reasonable to join the Union if presented with generous terms. In December 1863, he presented an Amnesty and Reconstruction Proclamation stating that those states whose ten percent of their 1860 electorates would swear a loyalty oath to Union and accept to emancipation would get readmission. However, the Congress did not approve of Lincoln’s strategy and responded with a much harsher approach. As Washington puts across that, President Lincoln did not stop his idea of trying to treat the Southerners with generosity. In fact, his second Inaugural Address famously perceived for the inscription on Lincoln Memorial’s wall in Washington in which kind words without malice encouraged treatment with charity and firmness in the right. After Lee surrendered at Appomattox, he again, President Lincoln outlined his plan of generosity for reconstruction. Nonetheless, April 14, 1865 President Lincoln was shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth and died in the morning of the following day. Booth, an actor from Virginia blamed his action on egregious South’s defeat. With his assassination, hopes for a more lenient reconstruction suffered a fatal blow and brought a chilling effect on potential sympathy for the Sou th. With Lincoln dead, Vice President Andrew Johnson accessed the presidency seat according to the Constitution. Apparently, Johnson intended to carry forward generous reconstruction policies when he carried a distinct animus towards the Southern planting class who were rich. Johnson’

Implementing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Implementing Strategies - Essay Example Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which helps it to achieve one or more objectives through interrelated activities which are undertaken over a specific period of time. These activities form part of the strategy cycle which provides the plan of action for the organisation. This strategy cycle is illustrated in Figure 1.0 below.The first of the stage involves the strategy identification, which plays an important role as the resulting activities of the organisation will be based on decision made at this stage. In order to identify the best strategy to follow, the organisation has to have an understanding of their stakeholders' expectations Stakeholders can include customers, as they are ultimately the service users or consumers. By understanding their expectation, the process of identifying options becomes simplified. For example, if stakeholders expect superior quality or service, then the resulting strategic options could include a focus on cre ating a unique specialisation, novel approaches or even the introduction of equipment and/or technology to enhance this aspect. The second stage of formulating the strategy involves determining the appropriate courses of action to take to enable the organisation to achieve its objectives (Alan 2001, Doyle et al 2002). This can include increasing recruitment, job redundancies, relocation, expansion and other visible aspects of the plan. This is then appraised in Stage 3, a process which includes critical and feasibility assessments. The strategy is then implemented in Stage 4, and this stage is the practical part of the strategy where management actively put a strategy into place (Alan 2001, Doyle et al 2002). However, the implementation of a strategy is likely to be influenced by the dynamics of the organisation in terms of its culture and identity, as strategy implementation can sometimes be part of a change management process. Corporate culture can be defined as the set of beliefs, experiences and attitudes within an organisation (Alan 2001, Doyle et al 2002), and this is often entwined with corporate identity which tends to reflect and represent the culture. Corporate culture and identity have a significant influence on employees, as they dictate simple aspects such as the number of hours worked a day or a week, commuting options, interaction, dress code, benefits, training, office space and professional development (Morris 2005). For example, IBM will have a different corporate culture and identity to say a medical organisation. One can already make out the differences in work hours, as medical organisations tend to have variable working patterns, which in turn influence the amount of office space allocated to an individual, which can also influence the level of communication and interaction with other colleagues. This means that the strategy formulation and implementation processes cannot exclude corporate culture and identity, as these will ultimately determine the parameters of success for the organisation. THE INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE CULTURE AND IDENTITY ON STRATEGY FORMULATION Strategy formulation includes undertaking feasibility, techno-economic, strategy decision/network, input, financial, cost-benefit and pre-investment analyses (Toyohiro 1998, Matson 2001). Feasibility analysis This is where a proposed strategy is examined for its influences and effects on its consumers and/or other competitors (Toyohiro 1998, Alan 2001, Matson 2001, Doyle et al 2002). For instance, if a strategy is formulated that has the effect of increasing the level of competition in the industry, then there has to be some thought how this strategy will affect working hours and motivation of employees. It could be that the proposed strategy will result in a commission based system of work, which will conflict with employees especially if other aspects such as office space are not configured.

The Philosophy of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Philosophy of Crime - Essay Example It is committed because the scene has led to believe that the act is just and proper for the conclusion of a movement and silent event saturation in the irreversible process of mental, religious, and lawful check and balance. In the parameters of readers influence, thrillers and killer novels have a lot of drawbacks in the creation of ways and means and a network of scenes for fun and diversion. It is a reliable view to a kill for its sentiments and results were made through intensive imagination and research, what they are going to do is just to get on with the act and experience the fun and the rush. This paper will discuss first the factors that lead to the commission of the act to be able to understand more the reason for such environment and doer solidarity in a very abnormal state of philosophy and psychology. Approximations of rage. Rage so we say emotes intense anger experience through disappointments and failures that one loses grip of reality and norms of reasoning that results to uncontrollable expression through violent reactions. Rage is the perfect disguise for the commission of crime where a person relates the act to justified symmetry of evasively powerful reasoning. The variations of his adrenaline rush give him the feeling of great physical strength at accelerated brain processing information. Entering an intense state of focus in a dilated state to the source of their anger caused by a long term stress, a person can very well lose sight of what is proper and tend to move to act of what is justifiable at the moment of solitude and indecisiveness. This is the only emotion when a person can do almost everything to satiate grievances and hang ups that allow unplanned activity and unwisely impulsive behavior. Most of the crimes that happens were from the paraphernalia of adrenalin e rush and unplanned activity of rage level. Rage often lead people to impossible acts like its sole counterpart love where people do more than what is possible to omit loss and save lives or relationships. An ounce of love suppresses an ounce of rage as I may take it from the previous statement. So maybe a prevention of rage could be a medication of love where the unaccepted could be accepted and the unloved could be love. Environmental adaptation. Somehow our environment and high technology updates qualify the commission of crime to omission of incidental resources on selective war games software programming. Rather than finding ways to annihilate computer rage that destroys millions of children brain and school performance, software developers are just finding low cost economical means of taking out frustrations in computers. Psychologically determined damaging movies and thrillers must not be shown to children and the youth of today who are easily impress on a lot of things other than bargaining to obtain the rush of what was portrayed or hoping to do their own original act at their own original setting which resulted to actual mass murders in schools and at home. Unwise manifestations of parents and adult in their expressions of anger and personal squabbles witnessed by children may prove vital to the reenactment in their future lives as the inclination to rage was passed down. Environment and peo ple has a lot to do with the development of frustrations and rage. Crime is not perfect in

The use of information technology system for efficient and effective Essay

The use of information technology system for efficient and effective mangement of inventory.Provide a case study - Essay Example Inventory is managed through inspecting the potential necessities of the clients. Manually administration of the inventory is a massive job for administration. Inventory management allows us to serve the clientele through providing them better services and ease of purchasing. This research provides a deep and more enhanced overview of the inventory management by making use of new and innovative information technology based solutions. The key action of an inventory management system is to preserve and keep track of the products, goods and further elements that are going out, approaching in and order releasing. The novel system is intended on the foundation of the obtainable system as well as through studying a number of systems previouslyput into practice (Nagen N. Nagarur). Inventory management is a complicated trouble area due to the assortment of real life circumstances. Flourishing inventory administration necessitates refined techniques to manage by means of the incessantly altering atmosphere. This offers an abstract root for the area of inventory management as well as creates it one of the majority developed fields of information technology and computerized management system. Despite the fact that, the practical accomplishment of inventory models w raps at the back the improvement of inventory modeling. In this research, I will present the detailed analysis of the DELL information technology based solution for the inventory management. I will present detailed analysis of the DELL effectively established inventory and management system. According to (Laudon and Laudon, p.55), â€Å"Supply chain management incorporates the supplier, distributor, and customer logistics requirements into a particular consistent way†. The supply chain is a faction of organizational departments for instance, industrialized plants, giving out centers, conveniences, retail outlets, personnel and

The Philosophy of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Philosophy of Crime - Essay Example It is committed because the scene has led to believe that the act is just and proper for the conclusion of a movement and silent event saturation in the irreversible process of mental, religious, and lawful check and balance. In the parameters of readers influence, thrillers and killer novels have a lot of drawbacks in the creation of ways and means and a network of scenes for fun and diversion. It is a reliable view to a kill for its sentiments and results were made through intensive imagination and research, what they are going to do is just to get on with the act and experience the fun and the rush. This paper will discuss first the factors that lead to the commission of the act to be able to understand more the reason for such environment and doer solidarity in a very abnormal state of philosophy and psychology. Approximations of rage. Rage so we say emotes intense anger experience through disappointments and failures that one loses grip of reality and norms of reasoning that results to uncontrollable expression through violent reactions. Rage is the perfect disguise for the commission of crime where a person relates the act to justified symmetry of evasively powerful reasoning. The variations of his adrenaline rush give him the feeling of great physical strength at accelerated brain processing information. Entering an intense state of focus in a dilated state to the source of their anger caused by a long term stress, a person can very well lose sight of what is proper and tend to move to act of what is justifiable at the moment of solitude and indecisiveness. This is the only emotion when a person can do almost everything to satiate grievances and hang ups that allow unplanned activity and unwisely impulsive behavior. Most of the crimes that happens were from the paraphernalia of adrenalin e rush and unplanned activity of rage level. Rage often lead people to impossible acts like its sole counterpart love where people do more than what is possible to omit loss and save lives or relationships. An ounce of love suppresses an ounce of rage as I may take it from the previous statement. So maybe a prevention of rage could be a medication of love where the unaccepted could be accepted and the unloved could be love. Environmental adaptation. Somehow our environment and high technology updates qualify the commission of crime to omission of incidental resources on selective war games software programming. Rather than finding ways to annihilate computer rage that destroys millions of children brain and school performance, software developers are just finding low cost economical means of taking out frustrations in computers. Psychologically determined damaging movies and thrillers must not be shown to children and the youth of today who are easily impress on a lot of things other than bargaining to obtain the rush of what was portrayed or hoping to do their own original act at their own original setting which resulted to actual mass murders in schools and at home. Unwise manifestations of parents and adult in their expressions of anger and personal squabbles witnessed by children may prove vital to the reenactment in their future lives as the inclination to rage was passed down. Environment and peo ple has a lot to do with the development of frustrations and rage. Crime is not perfect in

International Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Management Accounting - Essay Example Answer: In the era of merging cultures and competition in businesses, the criticality of management role and decision-making strategies has increased significantly. Decision making on the basis of estimates and assumptions has far been obsolete. The need of a systematic approach for decision-making has been felt, by companies and organizations to improve the authenticity and accuracy of the decisions made (Gelinas et al., 2010). This need urges the researchers and analysts to devise a methodology, which covers the useful data and information about the company’s revenue, loss and expenditures, which could aid in making company plans and decisions accordingly. Previously, the method used for gathering information, which would be the base of management decisions, was the Management Information System (MIS) (Gelinas et al., 2010). This system was based on manual data collection and there were great chances of human error and delay in forming reports. Maintenance was another viable issue with this system, causing company much time and problems in extracting old data and statistics. Practices show that the ambiguity in the system, leads to unfair approach in the decision-making process, due to lack of accountability of executives to the investors or creditors (Gelinas et al., 2010). MIS was also influenced by the environment and society norms of the region. In many organizations, cultural and economic factors influence the decision-making strategy and proposals of the top level management (Nicolaou, 2000). Managers from two different religions, or two different backgrounds, would have different decision-making criterion and approach. Many a times this factor influences largely on their problem handling and planning approach, which differs from the real interest or objective of the organization. Thus, a functional method was needed, which could curtail the influence of cultural and socio-economic factors from the decision-making phenomenon (Nicolaou, 2000, pp.1 03). These factors accounts for the design of the accounting information method to use in decision-making by executives and managers. It is commonly known as the Accounting Information System (AIS), in the corporate market. Its function is to collect information and generate accurate statistical and financial reports of the company or organization. These reports are available to both the internal management and executives and the external management that are the shareholders, investors or the taxation agencies (Gelinas et al., 2010). With the accuracy and transparency AIS provides in its reports, people related to the company have a clear idea and company’s standing, and the financial ups and downs. Looking into the history of AIS, we can draw a picture, of the limitations and problems in its implementation on a wider scale. Based on computer-aided technology, AIS was installed as legacy systems, which were expensive to install and maintain. Moreover, only professionals could operate the format and language used in those systems, with high complexity in generating report and comparing two or more data (Beke, 2010).

Children social and emotional development Essay Example for Free

Children social and emotional development Essay The advantage that day cares provide to children is, they help the child to socialize and improve any social skill. For example a kid who never go out and play with other children doesn’t know and doesn’t learn a different environment than the family atmosphere. Many cases as a result of it, children grow up shy and sometimes have difficulties to create social relationships with others. At daycares kids learn to see the differences between others kids, they might find people who speaks different languages or belong to a different ethnicity. So they start to see the world it’s different outside of home. Daycares help children to discover new things, improve social and emotional develop because children are around children and are not with the parents all the times, so it creates security and independence from parents, which it help in the future when this child becomes a teenager. Day care absolutely have a lot of influence in the language aspect. When a child stays home, this child just listen to how the mother or father speaks and sometimes mom has the bad habit to â€Å"talk little† or keep thinking the child is still a newborn confusing the toddler with small words.† The language used by the caregiver is the most important factor that predicted children’s cognitive and language outcome†. Children are like sponge, they absorb everything specially from the age 0 to 3, those ages are crucial for the cognitive social and emotional develop, and day cares help in a big part to increase and ensure the well develop of the child.

Quorum Sensing And Its Importance To Biotechnology

Quorum Sensing And Its Importance To Biotechnology Quorum sensing offers potential to create engineered bacteria capable of invading cancer cells. It is possible to envision the creation of novel anti-cancer therapeutics by the addition of cancer-destructing modules to these microbial biosensors. Another application of QS and quorum quenching lies in the creation of transgenic plants that are able to defend themselves against common bacterial pathogens. It plays a main role in controlling a diversity of microbial cell activities, such as biofilm formation and virulence that considerably impact human health, agriculture, and commercial production and transport systems. Quorum sensing is cell-to-cell communication in bacteria have ability to control development, sporulation, and antibiotic synthesis also virulence factor induction, cell differentiation, moreover nutrient flux along with extra physiological events in pathogenic bacterial infections. Scientists now a days creating more possible benefits from quorum sensing and off course there is lots of potential development for advancement in 2011ranging from marine to human disorders. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Several unicellular microorganisms use smallsignaling molecules to find out their local concentration. The processes involved in the production and recognitionof these signals are generally known as quorum sensing (QS). Unicellular microorganisms to manage their activities use this kind of cell-to-cell communication, which allows them to work as multi-cellular systems. Newly, several groups have confirmed artificial intraspeciesand inter-species communication through synthetic circuits, which incorporate components of bacterial QSsystems. Engineered QS-based circuits have a broad range of applications such as production of biochemicals, tissueengineering, also mixed-species fermentations. They are also extremely useful in designing microbial biosensors toidentify bacterial species present in the environment andinside living organisms. In this articlethe different ways inwhich researchers have designed QS-based circuits andtheir applications in biotechnology are explained. A decade ago, the secretion and perception of minorsignalling molecules that in turn are transduced tocoordinate behavior of a smallest unit of microorganisms was named quorum sensing by EP Greenberg with colleagues. Ever since then, an exponential growth in understanding and occurrence of quorum-sensing systemshas developed, with sightings ranging from virulence inhuman along with plant pathogens to degradative capacity ofactivated sludge. Not amazingly, regulatory mechanisms span traditional inducer/repressor motifs homologous to thelac operon to the newly discovered interfering RNAs.Advance characterization of signalling circuits, coupled with creative position applications, propose a wealth of prospects for advancing commercial biotechnology(reviewed by John C March and William E Bentley 2004). Researchers in biotechnology continuously seek new platforms from which to address problems: manifesto that, in a broad sense, improve efficacy, while maintaining or intensifying specificity. Most freshly, microbial quorum sensing has emerged as such a technology. Because microbial communities absorb a small space, concentrations of extracellular signalling molecules build up, providing motivation for unique and various cellular responses along with protection from rival microbial communities. Referred to as quorum sensing for its regularly reported and concurrent dependence on high population density (Joyce EA et al 2004), extracellular signalinggives a novel basis for control over molecular also cellular processes along with population behaviour, possibly in a manner more reliable with that of native physiology. Quorum sensing might be the base upon which the more complicated intracellular communication found in advanced level organisms has evolved. Defining quorum sensing Quorum Sensing considered a signalling molecule, a compound has to result a reaction in a population of cells that is different from the approach in which the cells would perform independently. There are two types of quorum sensing: species- specific and interspecies. Species-specific quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria is intercede by acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) with numerous moieties distinguishing signals between species (Fuqua C, Parsek MR, Greenberg EP 2001). In Gram- positive bacteria, species-specific quorum sensing is generallyassist through small peptides Figure1.Structure of bacterial Quurom sensing signals. Gram-negative bacteria like V.Fischeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa use acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as signals. The structure of mature AIP-I (from Staphylococcus aureus) is shown as a representative of the translationally derived auto-inducing peptides (AIPs) used by Gram-positive bacteria as signals for QS.Source- Functions of quorum sensing Quorum sensing is supposed to control ability development, sporulation, and antibiotic synthesis also virulence factor induction, cell differentiation, and nutrient flux along with extra physiological events in pathogenic bacterial infections (Cvitkovitch DGGreenberg EP,Yarwood JM,2003).More lately, quorum sensing was connected through proteomic analysis to increased pathogenic ability in tubercular strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Arevalo-Ferro C, et all 2004) Webb and co-workers (Webb JS, et al 2003), reviewed work on programmed cell death plusmicro colony differentiation in biofilms. As biofilms age, cellular differentiation and death improve nutrient sequestration and allow for bio- film sustenance when nutrients become limited. Though the functions of cell differentiation and programmed cell death are actually at odds, they can be described as an evolutionary progressionthat allows biofilms of prokaryotes to perform and adapt as multiceewllular organisms, a behavior that emerges to be matched through quorum sensing (Webb JS, et al 2003). CHAPTER 2 Applications of Quorum sensing in biotechnology Components of bacterial QS systems form an important part of many artificial genetic circuits that control phenomena such as bistable behavior, pulse response, spatio-temporal control of gene expression, and population control (Purnick and Weiss 2009). In this section, the applications of engineered QS systems for the production of biochemicals, tissue engineering, and mixed- species fermentations are highlighted (Fig. 2). Detailed explanation ofcurrent progress in building QS-based microbial biosensors and QS-based biocontrol are given. Lastly, discussion of QS inhibition as a viable strategy for the decline of biofouling is given. Also different applications of QS in biotechnology are given. Engineered Quorum Sensing systems The promisingfield of synthetic biology seeks to generatenovel biological systems by applying the fundamental engineering principles of standardization and hierarchical abstraction to GE engineering (Purnick and Weiss 2009). This method allows designers to build and optimize compound genetic circuits that perform new functions, such as DNA-damage-induced biofilm formation and preservation of synthetic ecosystems (Balagadde et al. 2008; Kobayashi et al. 2004). Various genetic modules can be included into complex gene networks also called genetic systems or devicesusing a plug-and-play strategy (Kobayashi et al. 2004). These gene networks are then commenced into a well-characterized, steady host cell known as a chassis, which supplies the essential raw materials and support machinery. Operation of the artificial genetic device imparts new functionalities to the host and makes a microbial cell factory that is capable of performing preferred tasks. Autoinducers are very useful as input signals as they are little, diffuse freely in aqueous media, and are simply taken up through cells. As the engineered cells synthesize QS signals by themselves, they are able to watch their own cell density with modulate their activities appropriately, thereby falling the need for outerprotection(Brenner et al. 2007). Scientists have devised QS-inducible mammalian genetic circuits by mixing bacterial QS receptors with either a eukaryotic transactivation domain or with a eukaryotic transcription repressor domain (reviwed from Neddermann et al. 2003; Weber and Fussenegger 2009; Weber et al. 2005; Weber et al. 2003; Williams et al. 2004).These synthetic gene regulation systems will have functions in drug discovery, tissue engineering, and also industrial production of biochemicalsduring mammalian cell culture. Consumption of a bistable switch module gives a pointed(ON or OFF) or binary profile of aim gene expression depending on the store concentration. Engineered QS systems including bistable switches are probable to be extremely useful in industrial production of toxic gene products and in designing environmental biosensors. Scientistshave used components of the V. fischeri Quorum Sensing system to engineer spatio-temporally keeping up cell to cell communication in E. coli (Basu et al. 2004). Depending on the comparative distribution of Sender and Receiver cells in a 2-D matrix, different reporter formats such as bullseye, ellipse, oval, heart, and clover were formed. Moreexpansion of this research into programming spatial patterning in 3-D will have applications in biosensing, tissue engineering, plus fabrication of biomaterials. Quorum Sensing like cell-to-cell communication systems have also been developed by using metabolites, antibiotics, hormonesor volatile compounds to give signals to extract a cell-density dependent population-wide reactions (Bulter et al. 2004; Chen and Weiss 2005; Weber et al. 2007). The capacity to develop QS type communication systems using non-Quorum Sensing signals considerablygrows the design possibilities for genetic engineering systems. Through inserting the producing signal components in one species, and the receptor in another, scientists have engineered inter and intra-kingdom communications among bacteria, yeast, plants, and mammalian cells (Balagadde et al. 2008; Brenner et al. 2007; Weber et al. 2007). Depending on the planned synthetic communication device, relationships like predator-prey, commensalism, mutualism, amensalismand parasitism were producedamong the communicating species. Different from engineering inter-species communication, Quorum Sensing based genetic devices can control diverse features of mixed-species fermentations. Forcase, basedon QS population control circuits can be used to manage the cell densities of the contributing species (You et al. 2004). Based on QS gene-expression circuits can also be used to initiate expression of mark genes when the cell densities of contributing species reach a definite threshold (Brenner et al. 2007). At present, the majority of the engineered QS devices are built on Gram-negative AHL systems, which, as stated previously, are absolutely unreliable. Various applications of Quorum Sensing: Biosensors An interesting application of Quorum Sensing is in the engineering of whole cell microbial biosensors to distinguish pathogenic microbes present in the environment with diseased host organisms. Quorum Sensing have also been used to produce engineered bacteria capable of attacking cancer cells. It is probable to visualize the creation of new anti-cancer therapeutics by the addition of cancer-destructing elements to these microbial biosensors. Another function of QS and quorum quenching lies in the designing of transgenic plants that are able to protect themselves against general bacterial pathogens. Pathogen diagnostics and therapeutics The majority of the whole cell QS biosensors that have been explained so far recognize Gram-negative AHLs (Kumari et al. 2008; Steindler and Venturi 2007). A standard AHL biosensor contains an AHL responsive transcriptional regulator also a cognate promoter, which directs the transcription of a reporter gene. It has been recommended that QS signals only can be used as markers for the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in clinical and environmentalsamples. Thus, QS signals should not be engaged as the only inputs for microbial biosensors. However, Quorum sensing based amplification circuits can still be used to engineer biosensing circuits to find the occurrence of pathogenic microbes in contaminated groundwater products, dairy, and meat products. Upcoming design directions willinclude the formation of ingestible whole cell biosensors by launching QS-based bio- sensing devices into GRAS organisms such as lactic acid bacteria(Konings et al. 2000). Such diagnostic biosensors would be muc h useful in identifying the existence of pathogens in the gut micro flora. So collecting these resultsbring up the exciting possibility that future QS-based microbial biosensors may possibly not only detect pathogens, but also increase a concerted reaction against them. Cancer detection The P. aeruginosa Quorum Sensing signal 3-oxo-C12- HSL reduces proliferation alsoinduceapoptosis breast cancer cell lines in human(Li et al. 2004). Biocontrol The rhizosphere is a limited region of soil that surroundings a plants roots and is affected by secretions from the root also soil microbes in the vicinity. Quorum sensing bacteria form amain component of the rhizosphere community. Scientists have also engaged quorum-quenching enzymes to decrease bacterial virulence against plants. This researchproposes that engineering the production also secretion of quorum- quenching enzymes into plants and plant-associated microbes can also serve as a crop protection plan. Though, QS systems also controlnecessary functions in useful rhizosphere bacteria, as well as biofilm formation, antibiotic production, and nitrogen fixation (Muller et al. 2009; Sanchez-Contreras et al. 2007). More research is therefore essential to understand the promising effects of quorum quenching on plant biochemical pathways. In brief, while quorum quenching is an attractive approach for biocontrol, more research isessential to demonstrate its safety and efficacy. Prevention of biofouling Biofouling is the increase of bacteria, algae;also animals like protozoans and crustaceans on surfaces that prolonged contact with water. Biofouling can happen on surfaces as assorted as pipes, tanks, ship hull, membrane bioreactors, medical or dental implants, and catheters. This unwantedgrowth of living organisms and their secretions lead to contamination, colonization, also corrosion of machine parts expose to water and reduce machine efficiency. Incorporation of Quorum Sensing inhibitors on the device surface is a possible strategy for declining P. aeruginosa biofouling of surgical implants. QS inhibition may be used to givedefense against many pathogens that rely on QS to start biofilm development. Recombinant gene expression Possibly one of the exciting areas for research in quorum sensing is the synthesis of recombinant gene products withmetabolic engineering. Quorum sensing has been used to control gene expression and cellular growth. Brief reviews by Toniatti et al. (Toniatti C, et al 2004) discusssome of the progress in control of gene expression through the perceptions of possible gene therapy applications. Pathogen/pest management Pathogen and pest (i.e. some organism whose existence in a specific environment is undesirable) management include most of the present applications of quorum-sensing technology. Inhibition of quorum signalling is theevident and, in practice, most appreciated application of quorum-sensing knowledge. CHAPTER 3 New technologies in Quorum Sensing The discovery of antibiotics early in the past century marked the beginning of active control and prevention of infectious microbial diseases. However, extensive use of antibiotics has also unavoidably resulted in the emergence of superbugs that resist conventional antibiotics. The finding that many pathogens rely on cell-to-cell communication mechanisms, known as quorum sensing, to synchronize microbial activities essential for infection and survival in the host suggests a promising disease control strategy, i.e. quenching microbial quorum sensing or in short, quorum quenching. Work over the past few years has demonstrated that quorum-quenching mechanisms are widely conserved in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. These naturally occurring quorum-quenching mechanisms appear to play important roles in microbe-microbe and pathogen-host interactions and have been used, or served as lead compounds, in developing and formulating a new generation of antimicrobials. An advance study of bacterial quorum sensing process can facilitate development of novel technologies intended at interfering with bacterial communication and virulence. The term quorum sensing explains the capability of a microorganism to recognize and response to diffusible signal molecules. Bacterial cells sense their inhabitants density by a complicated cell-to-cell communication system also triggers expression of exact genes. Quorum sensing in Seaweeds Explaining this title, the quorum sensing is wider spread among bacterial population then was previously thought, in Gram positive, Gram-negative bacterial communication. Followed by this numerous researchers have concluded that in Gram negative bacteria acyl-homoserine lactone is dependable for the cell to cell communication system. In gram-positive bacteria peptide and derivative peptide based signaling molecules appear to be the main mode of communication. Throughout high cell density the marine bacteria can produce enzymes, surfactants, toxins, antibiotics by the chemical signal communication. Marine epibiotic bacteria are also identified to produce compounds active beside drug resistant hospital pathogen by the cross species induction process. Austin described in building on assays (Billaud and Austin 1990) a screening method has been developed in which marine bacteria are confront by exposing them to terrestrial bacteria prior to assay of antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, in currentstudies it is proposed to search the abilities of seaweed epibiotic bacterial organisms to createantibacterial compounds by quorum sensing. Theseconclusions have important consequences for the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds from marine bacteria and might allow the growth of novelprocess for screening new compounds eff ective against multidrug resistant bacteria. CHAPTER 4 Conclusion Quorum Sensing plays a main role in controlling a diversity of microbial cell activities, like biofilm formation and virulence, that considerably impact human health, agriculture, marine, commercial manufacture and transport systems. As mentioned in above applications of QS there are many areas that are fully touched by QS method. Therefore, significant research efforts are needed to understanding Quorum Sensing and the growth of strategies to disrupt and influence Quorum Sensing. Our understanding of quorum-sensing mechanisms currently restricts applications for quorum sensing. Though there has been progress made in the use of quorum sensing, more understanding of quorum functionality is necessary before the control of this tool can be completely raised. However, the full-scale management of the bacterial quorum circuit in a biotechnological application yet to be an unconvinced goal. More studyand deep research is needed to uncover andthe details of QS in a diversity of microbial species, with Gram- positive bacterias and fungis. The task of QS in microbial populations, with Quorum Sensing crosstalk and signal specificity, is another significant area of research and study that will influence strategies to prevent biofilm formation and for biocontrol. Quorum sensing seems to be a distinctive example of how the exploitation of bacteria cell-to-cell communication in biotechnology can be used to significantly drive the growth and development of medicine, diagnosis tics, therapies and gene control. For sure, it will influence every part of biology, with novel research and technologies in science world.

Hand Guns and Conceal Ability :: Guns Weapons Violence Essays

Hand Guns and Conceal Ability The debate of hand guns is highly argued among American citizens. The article "Handgun Bands" from GunCite.com, and the article "Concealed Carry and its Effect on Crime" from CCNCrime.com, advocate the legal possession of a concealed handgun. They attempt to show that legal handguns actually deter crime and violence. The first article "Handgun Bands" takes an emotional approach followed by statistical information to prove the point that handgun bands, or limitations on the ability to purchase and carry a hand gun, do not effectively counter violence. The author begins by giving the statistic from the F.B.I. Uniform Crime Report that over 55% of all murders are committed with handguns. This leads you to believe that the author is an advocate of handgun bands. This idea is quickly thrown out in the next paragraph where it is stated that handguns are more often used in self defense than in crime. The claim is also made that most instances of self defense involving a handgun result in no shots fired. The question is then brought up, if handguns are banned will violent crime decrease? The author claims that not only will crime not decrease but, will grow resulting in more violence than ever. A survey from the National Institute of Justice shows that 72% of felons that use handguns would simply switch over to other weapons, such as shotguns in order to commit their violent acts. The author then gets information from an article by R. Taylor called "Gunshot Wounds of the Abdomen." This article proves that shotguns and rifles cause much more damage to the abdomen than handguns. The author is also able to show that studies taken by Don B. Jr. in his article ‘Guns, Murders, and the Constitution," show that 54% to 80% of homicides committed with handguns could have just as easily been committed with a long gun. The author effectively defends his idea that banning handguns will have no effect on the reduction of violent crime, but may actually increase instances of gun crimes. This is due to the fact that civilians would no longer be able to defend themselves effectively. The second article, " Concealed Carry and its Effect on Crime" tries to persuade the reader that the right to carry concealed weapons will deter criminals. Most of the information in this article is taken from a July 26, 1996-article called "Crime, Deterrence, and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns," written by John R. Hand Guns and Conceal Ability :: Guns Weapons Violence Essays Hand Guns and Conceal Ability The debate of hand guns is highly argued among American citizens. The article "Handgun Bands" from GunCite.com, and the article "Concealed Carry and its Effect on Crime" from CCNCrime.com, advocate the legal possession of a concealed handgun. They attempt to show that legal handguns actually deter crime and violence. The first article "Handgun Bands" takes an emotional approach followed by statistical information to prove the point that handgun bands, or limitations on the ability to purchase and carry a hand gun, do not effectively counter violence. The author begins by giving the statistic from the F.B.I. Uniform Crime Report that over 55% of all murders are committed with handguns. This leads you to believe that the author is an advocate of handgun bands. This idea is quickly thrown out in the next paragraph where it is stated that handguns are more often used in self defense than in crime. The claim is also made that most instances of self defense involving a handgun result in no shots fired. The question is then brought up, if handguns are banned will violent crime decrease? The author claims that not only will crime not decrease but, will grow resulting in more violence than ever. A survey from the National Institute of Justice shows that 72% of felons that use handguns would simply switch over to other weapons, such as shotguns in order to commit their violent acts. The author then gets information from an article by R. Taylor called "Gunshot Wounds of the Abdomen." This article proves that shotguns and rifles cause much more damage to the abdomen than handguns. The author is also able to show that studies taken by Don B. Jr. in his article ‘Guns, Murders, and the Constitution," show that 54% to 80% of homicides committed with handguns could have just as easily been committed with a long gun. The author effectively defends his idea that banning handguns will have no effect on the reduction of violent crime, but may actually increase instances of gun crimes. This is due to the fact that civilians would no longer be able to defend themselves effectively. The second article, " Concealed Carry and its Effect on Crime" tries to persuade the reader that the right to carry concealed weapons will deter criminals. Most of the information in this article is taken from a July 26, 1996-article called "Crime, Deterrence, and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns," written by John R.

Cloning and Ethical Issues

Essay on cloning and ethical issues that immediatly Subject : cloning and ethics come up when talking about it. Completed: 8/11/2012 Due:9/11/2012 Numerous articles appeared in the newspapers about one particular sheep, born in 1996. Her name, as you may have figured out, was Dolly. She was special as she was the first sheep to be cloned entirely by humans. The cloning of this sheep raised a lot of questions. The most important ones being â€Å"why would we do clone a living animal† and â€Å"can we clone humans too†.Of course these questions do not only require a scientific answer, but also an ethical answer as we are talking about living creatures. First of all: how exactly can you clone living organisms? There are three main types of cloning. DNA cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. DNA cloning or recombinant DNA technology is to transfer one piece of DNA into something that can duplicate himself. Bacterial plasmid, viruses and also yeast chromosome s are used for this as they are able to duplicate easily.The DNA fragment containing the gene which is needed is isolated using enzymes, and after that it will be transferred to the bacterial plasmid using once again enzymes. After that the bacterial plasmid starts multiplying, and the outcome will be one certain fragment. Reproductive cloning was how Dolly came to earth: the nucleus of a donor adult cell is placed in an egg cell without nucleus. This cell will then need chemicals or an electric current to stimulate cell division. If it has indeed started dividing it will need to be placed in a uterus where it continues till the animal gives birth.Therapeutic cloning, sometimes referred to as embryo cloning, is the production of human stem cells for use in research. This isn't used at all to create cloned human beings, it's just for the research because Stem cells are quite important. Stem cells aren't specified yet so they can chance into any kind of cell depending on what scientis ts want to research on. Now you may ask what this has to do with the whole â€Å"can we clone humans† and the ethical and moral issues. Can we clone humans using the DNA cloning? No. But we can use it to create new medicines or vaccines as this method can nly be used for certain parts of DNA and not the whole of it. Reproductive Cloning could, theoretically, be used for cloning humans. In real life however this technique wouldn't be used because it's expensive and has a really low rate of success. There were hundreds of failed clones, several dead fetuses and horribly deformed animals before the scientists had Dolly. Most scientists do not feel that this is good for cloning as it is far to risky and also we do not know a lot about this technique either. Therapeutic cloning can be used for parts of the body containing the same set of cells.You could for instance and theoretically seen once again, clone a kidney. There are however a lot of risks such as the fetal tissue dying, or tissue rejection if you actually create an organ. It's not possible to clone entire human beings as there is little known about cloning and the human body is just far to complex to be created in a laboratory. So most scientists agree that it is not possible yet to clone entire human beings. Most of these scientists highly doubt that it would be possible in the near future to clone entire human beings, but there are always the â€Å"what if† questions.What if it was possible, what would happen then? The advantage would be that there are no more donors needed and everybody can live longer and happier. But killing a clone for a transplant, wouldn't that be considered murder? After all you would kill someone who is composed out of the same DNA as you. This raises another question, how would you treat the clones? The same DNA, the same needs. Should the parents of the child or teenager, or adults themselves take care of their own clone or would the clone be raised by some sort of company?These are most what if questions and to be quite honest I believe that we shouldn't clone human beings. There are always people who would want to abuse this technology. This abusing can take many forms: people who have access to all information could either sell or keep it, to create a position for themselves which may result in a lot of income inequality. But that isn't the only disadvantages. Imagine that there will be clones, it would surely narrow down the gene diversity which we have created over the years.Excessive cloning could cause a loss of the diversity and therefore we might be less resistant against bacteria, viruses etc. Not only biological but also the ethical questions show that the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. The benefits of cloning (parts of) humans being that we wouldn't need any more donors, or we could do research on organs without having to use humans themselves. The disadvantages are that we would abuse the power once again. If we could clo ne entire humans that would be defying the rights to live freely. There would be loss of gene diversity which would be contradictory to all that shaped us.After all living is survival of the fittest. Victoria Smit ( 5vf) Sources: http://www. ornl. gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning. shtml http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cloning http://www. geneticsandsociety. org/article. php? list=type&type=59 http://learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/tech/cloning/whatiscloning/ http://thefarnsworths. com/science/cloning. htm Movie the fifth element ( actually not a source but wort watching! ) repo men ( about the disadvantages of cloning organs. Also not really a source but worth watching! ) Cloning and Ethical Issues Essay on cloning and ethical issues that immediatly Subject : cloning and ethics come up when talking about it. Completed: 8/11/2012 Due:9/11/2012 Numerous articles appeared in the newspapers about one particular sheep, born in 1996. Her name, as you may have figured out, was Dolly. She was special as she was the first sheep to be cloned entirely by humans. The cloning of this sheep raised a lot of questions. The most important ones being â€Å"why would we do clone a living animal† and â€Å"can we clone humans too†.Of course these questions do not only require a scientific answer, but also an ethical answer as we are talking about living creatures. First of all: how exactly can you clone living organisms? There are three main types of cloning. DNA cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. DNA cloning or recombinant DNA technology is to transfer one piece of DNA into something that can duplicate himself. Bacterial plasmid, viruses and also yeast chromosome s are used for this as they are able to duplicate easily.The DNA fragment containing the gene which is needed is isolated using enzymes, and after that it will be transferred to the bacterial plasmid using once again enzymes. After that the bacterial plasmid starts multiplying, and the outcome will be one certain fragment. Reproductive cloning was how Dolly came to earth: the nucleus of a donor adult cell is placed in an egg cell without nucleus. This cell will then need chemicals or an electric current to stimulate cell division. If it has indeed started dividing it will need to be placed in a uterus where it continues till the animal gives birth.Therapeutic cloning, sometimes referred to as embryo cloning, is the production of human stem cells for use in research. This isn't used at all to create cloned human beings, it's just for the research because Stem cells are quite important. Stem cells aren't specified yet so they can chance into any kind of cell depending on what scientis ts want to research on. Now you may ask what this has to do with the whole â€Å"can we clone humans† and the ethical and moral issues. Can we clone humans using the DNA cloning? No. But we can use it to create new medicines or vaccines as this method can nly be used for certain parts of DNA and not the whole of it. Reproductive Cloning could, theoretically, be used for cloning humans. In real life however this technique wouldn't be used because it's expensive and has a really low rate of success. There were hundreds of failed clones, several dead fetuses and horribly deformed animals before the scientists had Dolly. Most scientists do not feel that this is good for cloning as it is far to risky and also we do not know a lot about this technique either. Therapeutic cloning can be used for parts of the body containing the same set of cells.You could for instance and theoretically seen once again, clone a kidney. There are however a lot of risks such as the fetal tissue dying, or tissue rejection if you actually create an organ. It's not possible to clone entire human beings as there is little known about cloning and the human body is just far to complex to be created in a laboratory. So most scientists agree that it is not possible yet to clone entire human beings. Most of these scientists highly doubt that it would be possible in the near future to clone entire human beings, but there are always the â€Å"what if† questions.What if it was possible, what would happen then? The advantage would be that there are no more donors needed and everybody can live longer and happier. But killing a clone for a transplant, wouldn't that be considered murder? After all you would kill someone who is composed out of the same DNA as you. This raises another question, how would you treat the clones? The same DNA, the same needs. Should the parents of the child or teenager, or adults themselves take care of their own clone or would the clone be raised by some sort of company?These are most what if questions and to be quite honest I believe that we shouldn't clone human beings. There are always people who would want to abuse this technology. This abusing can take many forms: people who have access to all information could either sell or keep it, to create a position for themselves which may result in a lot of income inequality. But that isn't the only disadvantages. Imagine that there will be clones, it would surely narrow down the gene diversity which we have created over the years.Excessive cloning could cause a loss of the diversity and therefore we might be less resistant against bacteria, viruses etc. Not only biological but also the ethical questions show that the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. The benefits of cloning (parts of) humans being that we wouldn't need any more donors, or we could do research on organs without having to use humans themselves. The disadvantages are that we would abuse the power once again. If we could clo ne entire humans that would be defying the rights to live freely. There would be loss of gene diversity which would be contradictory to all that shaped us.After all living is survival of the fittest. Victoria Smit ( 5vf) Sources: http://www. ornl. gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning. shtml http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cloning http://www. geneticsandsociety. org/article. php? list=type&type=59 http://learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/tech/cloning/whatiscloning/ http://thefarnsworths. com/science/cloning. htm Movie the fifth element ( actually not a source but wort watching! ) repo men ( about the disadvantages of cloning organs. Also not really a source but worth watching! )

Improving Track Safety Design With Passive External Airbags Engineering Essay

Re design/ rating and recommendations for design and building alterations by bettering the path safety utilizing inactive external airbags. The grass path bikes can be raced with progressively safe since there is a batch more room for development and betterments, both in the instance of bikes every bit good as barriers in the race paths. Sing the current methods and developments applied around a modern grass path race, it is clear that monolithic and a batch more betterments can be made to avoid hurts to the riders, witnesss every bit good as fatal clangs of bikes. Along with this, the overflow countries of the current grass path rushing circuits are surrounded by wooden pole fencing with linking ropes as clang barriers which is non at all safe during the race. Taking a closer expression at the present clang barrier constituents it is obvious that a rope n wooden barrier is the worst comparison to all other barriers as it provides no safety and protection to the riders and witnesss during the high velocity clang. Basically if any stiff and inelastic stuff barrier is installed and if it does non travel off to some extent during a clang, it is non advisable to put in it since the energy absorbing power is really low. And if such an inelastic barrier is installed it may ensue in terrible hurts to the rider and rider and entire devastation of bikes. Other alternate barriers which used more normally are the light froth clang barriers with the wired thin metal mesh of considerable snap and resembles divider fencing and are installed environing the path giving infinite to run off country. Although these barriers are effectual against low impact hits, a current bike has excessively much velocity and torsion for those fencings to defy a hit and high impact. Finally, the most frequently used barrier fencings are wooden barriers which are impermanent and are less soaking up of impact energy. Exploitation of inactive airbag system as a 3rd barrier. In an impulse to better overall grass path safety and to happen a solution for above mentioned track safety jobs, a new development can be used as an alternate barriers for the path safety intents which can be used on the curves where there is a maximal chance of bikes traveling off the path or around the path as a safety barrier. The new coevals airbag system consists of normal airbags which are of inactive and can be used exterior to the path. Each airbag merely a inactive bag, which are pre hyperbolic bag of air and are of peculiar lengths, so that any combination of bags can be used every bit long as the path length, and can be easy transported or shifted from one path to another as all the paths are impermanent, and can be used with add-on to the current wooden barrier or if installed decently can replace the wooden barrier wholly. Therefore doing easy to put in and take after the race when and where of all time required with different path forms. The advantage of the barrier air bag is, it can non merely hyperbolic with normal but it can besides be inflated with any other alternate gases available and sometimes it is flexible more even to make full an equal normal liquid and a type of froth as good. Since the alternate types of rising prices increases the cost of installing and operation normal or dry air from the ambiance is much preferred as compared to any other surrogate. The air bags should be really exactly designed so that it wholly absorbs the bike impulse when it strikes them at really high velocity on the rushing circuits. The alone characteristic of the barrier air bag is when the bike hits the barrier with a really high impact, the inactive external barrier airbag evacuates a certain measure of air which is perfectly equal to the strength of the bike impact on the air bag wall. The bag which is partly deflated during the impact can once more inflated by a suited pump which regains and maintains the force per unit area and volume of the bag back to normal as before the hit. And those bags can be used for full completion of the circuit every bit good as other many races and if badly non damaged it can be used for several old ages till the bag stuff loses its snap due to age or serious wreckage due to crisp and pointed parts of the bikes during the clang. The normal air bag design constellation of the fence of path can be well compared to a drape of much large size, which is composed of many little inflatable shock absorber like which is attached one after the other like a concatenation of all around outside path. The barrier bags can be connected or fixed to each other one behind the other and every bit good to the gimmick fencing which is present behind them or even can be fixed on the land, and provided the air bag should hold adequate perpendicular rigidness so that it should non travel away skiding when the bike crashes the bag at really high impact. The air bags can be rapidly installed behind the 3rd gimmick fencing merely to supply safety to riders and every bit good as the witnesss. Fabrication of the barrier air bags The effectual airbags can be manufactured by run uping or can be thermoformed like plastics from derived functions of assorted tissues in such an interface that the barrier air bag is really extremely immune to high velocity bike hit impacts, parts invasions and resistant to fire in some instances and besides sing all the conditions conditions during the race is on. All the stuffs selected to the airbag industry must be tested and validatingly verified, and a combination of man-made fibers may be besides a really good pick for industry. Materials such as C fibers or Kevlar which has high strength and relatively less weight, which are already widely used in motor athleticss until now, can besides be used for the fabrication of air bags. Flexibility in air bag to accommodate different state of affairss in the race Different force per unit areas can be applied to the airbags depending upon the applications, when blow uping the air bags. Air bag can be filled with more volume of air which in return has more possible energy absorbing capacity, but the job is when the air displaces from the bag when crashed by bike, and therefore the air issues will hold to be sized for assorted velocity impacts. The air issues of the bag should be made sensitive plenty such that when the bike impacts with different velocities several sum of air should be discharged from the bag and the issue force per unit area should be pre determined. Hence every bag must be equipped with sufficient sum of air mercantile establishments which are to be a hermetic waterproofing in the signifier of opening to blow up every bit good at the same clip which enables go forthing the air measure from the bag at the fleeting hits. These air issues are plus points and advantageous cardinal solutions to the airbags as these allow the bike striking the airbags to be absorbed as a whole alternatively of resiling back the riders and bike when they ram the bag. Further customization of the airbags can be done to accommodate different applications. And airbags can besides be constructed for many uninterrupted metres in the signifier of wall, if the paths are to be made lasting, irrespective of length and breadth for effectual protection in a racing path boundary lines. Another betterment can besides be done in the air bags by adding one or more constituents in assembles bags like including pockets to catch the rider individually on the surface as the bike hits the front surface and Michigans, and rider every bit good as rider may wing in the air after crashing to the barrier, can be caught if the pockets are provided on the above or top surface of air bags. And such a constellation can be made possible in air bags by a resistive plastic model. The state of affairs of the path decides whether a combination of little attachable bags or big bags must be used in the race as some of race paths may non hold equal infinite to keep the race path, run offs and every bit good as witnesss. Proper, thorough full graduated table trials and surveies must be carried out before put ining or implementing the air bags on the existent path. It is non mandatory for the form of the airbag and stuff and any form can be manufactured harmonizing to the demand of path safety. The air bags which are put on the race circuits to absorb energy of the bike impact traveling off the paths particularly on the curves and go forthing the curves can be fixed, fastened, welded, glued and can be used incasing them in any arrested development structures or systems in conformity to protect the needed as stated before. The tissue used for the bag surface stuff may perchance be a mixture of glass fiber based, C fiber, man-made fiber based or Kevlar fiber since it is really strong. But it is non good to increase the thickness of the airbags utilizing stacking up of C to one or more beds inside with a orderly harmonic of man-made fibers or with any other combinations of two or more types of hempen texture. Air bag should hold chief characteristic characteristic of resistant to violent and difficult impacts, and to some extent opposition to rupture, fire and an in effectible to the conditions conditions. Airbags can be used in lasting path and every bit good, apart from stiff lasting systems, the airbags can besides be used as nomadic barriers, where of all time required. It can be dismantled, moved and replaced of fixed easy wheresoever needed in different locations where the race takes topographic point and can physically supported on a movable constructions that can back up potentially violent impact clangs. This interesting belongings of the air bag makes it good feasible solution for the impermanent circuits like grass paths and such as those which are used in the universe mass meeting titles. Amongst the advantages of the barrier air bags implemented on the grass path rushing circuits, is the shifting of circuits from a unsafe topographic point onto a more secured topographic points. This system can widely be used alternatively of current path safety systems and can replace the inferior barriers which do non supply any safety to the riders and the witnesss. The belongings of absorbing energy expeditiously through the controlled deflation of the airbags through the air exits. These airbags may go a hope for safety protections that wholly absorbs the impact energies and will non convey back to the bike striking it. Another good advantage of this air bag is the show surface on inside the path every bit good as outside the path harmonizing to the form along the grass path circuits can be efficaciously used by the advertizers. Last but non least at the terminal, there will be existent demand for these sorts of barriers if manufactured consequently with low operation costs and purchasing costs to the path circuits all over the universe. It is really easy to still develop the air bag engineering and executions to supply in the market as all sorts of engineering is available already for bettering the safety and guaranting 100 % safety in the grass paths and other similar paths circuits for witnesss, riders and from their machines during the clang.