Saturday, August 31, 2019

Psychology of Human Sexuality

65 million people are living with an incurable STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection) in the United States. This is an extremely high number which includes many different types and forms of diseases. Some are curable and others are not. So this is a huge problem in the USA and all over the world that I had no idea about or put much thought into. It is incredible the outstanding number of people with STI’s and the growing rate. This truly is in every sense of the word a pandemic as referred to in the book. I will discuss a few things from this chapter about STI’s that I found most interesting besides the STI’s themselves that almost made me hurl due to some of the graphic pictures. Some issues that are related and need to be learned include the lack of symptoms, lack of accurate information, unhealthy sexual emotions and attitudes, poor sexual communication, and substance abuse and its relation to STI’s. All of the above mentioned things I will discuss are important to me because they are risk factors that I needed to learn and be aware of. For example, not all STI’s have symptoms or show signs of physical problems such as rashes or a discharge. Most sexual transmitted infections have symptoms that are often absent. That is scary due to the fact people may not know they are infected and maintain their normal sexual activity with no knowledge of infecting others. This is a huge problem to me because it’s not like people carry their results with them of their last STI test results. In my case I get tested in 3 days due to the fact ignorance is bliss and I don’t want to be irresponsible in my actions. I also think that some people don’t get tested for the mere fact they just don’t want to know even if they have been involved in risky sexual behaviors. Asymptomatic means that symptoms may not be produced at all. Not know if you are infected and affecting others leads to a bigger problem because most STI’s leads to greater health problems down the road. A sexual act of of love or lust can turn into a nightmare. Lack of knowledge is a huge risk factor because the number of our youth participating in sexual activities is indeed increasing. They partake in oral sex and think it is ok because pregnancy can’t occur. However, being one of these ignorant kids’ years ago myself I didn’t know that oral sex increases the chances of STI’s or what an STI was. Especially, these hormone and sexually driven kids don’t care or have the knowledge of knowing the ease at which STI’s can spread through sexual activity and oral sex, or even the lack of knowing how severe this problem can occur. I’ve heard a lot of my friends say oh man I just got tested after I hooked up with that slut and I’m clean, guess I dodged a bullet. It is a complete joke and the severity of these issues is not driven home properly. Sexual emotions and attitudes are something I have learned to be true. I know a lot of girls who were told sex is bad by their parents and they seemed to take it out on their college exploits. Avoiding the safe sex talk and that sex is not a horrible thing when handled correctly can lead to better understanding and decision making by the child. Also, the the fear and stigma of people who have STI’s or don’t want to be tested for fear they might have one creates more issues for them and may lead to them not telling their partner out of shame and embarrassment. This I thought I knew but this chapter justified that thought. I for sure learned that sexual communication is important for a healthy sexual relationship. It is healthy for my relationship and makes things more comfortable and easy. I learned that not just condoms and knowledge are important in preventing STI’s, but communication has an essential role as well. Parents must discuss safe sex with their children and openly discuss sexual matters due to the fact it is normal eventually inevitable. Talking to your partner about being tested or that you have an STI is the responsible thing to do. I knew that substance abuse had to play a role in increasing the chances for the spread of STI’s. it only makes sense due to the fact we all know what it feels like to be under the consumption of alcohol where our morals and principles go at that point. Things become more in the moment as mentioned in the book and risky sexual behavior is more likely to occur. For example, I know a lot about this from attending San Diego State University a big party school in California, but the statistics provided in the book that 1 in 5 teens reports having unprotected sex while under the influence of drugs and lcohol just solidifies that theory. I learned a lot and was shocked about the STI pandemic and all the issues related such as the lack of information and health risks associated with it. This really does scare me to know that my previous partners could have unknowingly passed an STI to me. I was tested before my girlfriend and I started dating but I will get tested again in three days just to be sure. It is really important to do so and people should be made aware of the severity and problems related to STI’s followed by knowledge and prevention methods. I am thankful for this class and my newfound knowledge.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Business primary motive Essay

1a)Every business’ primary motive is to make profit. Here, the question is whether a company or a business should give up its economic advantage at the time of the crisis? Does anything change at the time of the crisis for a business? According to me, yes. Though every business aims to make profits, they have a social responsibility of helping the society, reaching out to it’s community people and to give back to society at times of crisis. Coming to the case of Bayer, Canada and the US were facing shortage of the ‘Cipra’ drug and Bayer should have let their profits go and helped the governments by providing the drug. Companies should follow humanist theories during times of national crisis. But we also see that Bayer was able to fulfill the orders and need for the drugs at all times. Though, Bayer have a social responsibility, it was uncalled for Canada and US to suspend the Patent rights. What ethical norm is central to the court’s decision in this case? 2. What fact seems especially powerful in shaping the court’s reasoning? 3. What reasons does the court provide for upholding the respondent’s disbarment? 4. Outline the reasons why Egil Krogh, Jr., believed he should not be disbarred by the disciplinary board of the State of California. 1b)Though the governments always have the power to take decisions such as these – impacting the patent law, there are regulations which they have to follow. Government should take these extreme measures if and only if it results in a major loss or causes health hazards to its citizens. Government should take such measures as a last resort, because they set the tone. If the government and the lawmakers themselves stop following the rules, then it is foolish to expect the civil society to maintain law and order in the society as the saying goes † As the ruler, so the ruled†. In this case, if the government had impacted the patent rights in some way, Bayer had a solid ground to take legal action against the infringement. They had enough sales in the previous year, they had fulfilled the orders and  requirements of the drugs in an efficient manner. â€Å"35 U.S. Code  § 296  ­ Liability of States, instrumentalities of States, and State officials for infringement of patents a) In General.— Any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his official capacity, shall not be immune, under the eleventh amendment of the Constitution of the United States or under any other doctrine of sovereign immunity, from suit in Federal court by any person, including any governmental or nongovernmental entity, for infringement of a patent under section 271, or for any other violation under this title. (b) Remedies.— In a suit described in subsection (a) for a violation described in that subsection, remedies (including remedies both at law and in equity) are available for the violation to the same extent as such remedies are available for such a violation in a suit against any private entity. Such remedies include damages, interest, costs, and treble damag es under section 284, attorney fees under section 285, and the additional remedy for infringement of design patents under section 289.†

Amity Assignment

`qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxclzxcvb Market Research tyuiop Amity University yuiopas dfghjklfghjklzx cvbnmqvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |Preface | | | | | |Research acts as a platform for all the statistical manipulations and filtration of data and interpreting the results thereof, solving the defined problem to be | | |search upon.The role of measurement and statistics in social science research is treated sensitively and competently. | | |The term Research basically refers to search of knowledge is widely used in the area of Academics and various Industries as well. Our brain starts working and we | | |feel that it is something related to finding new areas, collecting all related information’s and preparing a consolidated report.As the management | | |students we are expected to have good knowledge and practice of these topics. | | |Hence before going into the technical knowledge of these topics let’s understand the basic meaning of the terms Research Methods.Research Methods includes the | | |concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry is a collection of theories, concepts or ideas; comparative study of different approaches; and| | |critique of the individual methods | | | | | | | | |Research methodology, as introduced in this book, is a means to understand the ways in which social science research produces multiple accounts of the world. | | |Further, methodology specifies how the researcher may go about practically studying whatever he or she believes can be known. | | |Regarding the organization, the study material consists of 8 chapters, well arranged in a coherent manner with an intention to serve as a study material for MBA | | |students.The different sections of this study material are: | | | | | | | | |Introduction to Research Methods, which basically describes the role of Research, the steps in the process considered carrying out a research, the different types of| | |research and brief information about ethics of a good research. Research Problem and Research Design, describing the concept, purpose and importance of a research | | |problem, the steps involved in defining and selecting a research problem; meaning, need, features and elements of a Research Design and the various types.Methods | | |of Data Collection, giving out the introduction of two types of data-Primary and Secondary, their collection procedure and the different methods and techniques | | |used in their collection. Data Processing and Analysis develops the understanding of collection of data, its arrangement and analysis. Measurement | | |and Scaling Techniques describes various types of measurement scales with the important scale construction techniques. Sampling Design helps to understand the | | |concepts of sampling and types of Sampling. Testing of Hypothesis gives the detailed concept about developing a hypothesis, its testing using various tests and | | |concluding the final result. Report Writing briefs various points to be kept in mind while compiling a report. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2 | | Index Market ResearchADL-10 |Sl. No. |Chapter |Page No. | | | | |1 |Introduction to Research Methods |4 | | |Research Problem and Research | | |2 |Design |11 | | | | | |3 |Methods of Data Collection |22 | |4 |Data Processing and Analysis |30 | |5 |Measurement and Scaling Technique |38 | |6 |Sampling Design |50 | |7 |Testing of Hypotheses |68 | |8 |Report Preparation |93 | |9 |Key to th e End Chapter Quizzes |98 | | |Bibliography | | |10 | |99 | 3 Market ResearchADL-10 Chapter 1 Introduction to Research Methods Contents: 1. 1 Role of Research In Business Decision‘s 1. 2 Research Process 1. 2. 1.Selecting a Topic 1. 2. 2. Literature Search 1. 2. 3. Discussion with â€Å"Informants and Interested Parties† 1. 2. 4. Sampling 1. 2. 5. Formulating your hypothesis 1. 2. 6. Questionnaire Design 1. 2. 7. Fieldwork 1. 2. 8. Data Processing 1. 2. 9. Statistical Analysis (Hypotheses Testing) 1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results 1. 2. 11. Writing up The Results 1. 3Types of Research 1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research 1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research 1. 3. 3 Analytical Research 1. 3. 4 Causal Research 1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research 1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research 1. 3. 7 Conceptual Research 1. 3. 8 Modeling Research 1. 4 Criteria of good research 1. 5 Ethics of Research 4 | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | | | | | | | |1. 1 Role of Research in Business Decision‘s | | | | | |R esearch is a process of using the methods of science to the art of management for decision- making. Every organization operates under some degree of uncertainty. | | |This uncertainty cannot be eliminated completely, although it can be minimized with the help of research methods. Research is particularly important in the decision | | |making process of various business organizations.To choose the best line of action (in the light of growing competition and increasing uncertainty); it is very | | |important that one should be able to gather all the data, analyze it and reach to the appropriate decisions. Research in common context refers to a search for | | |knowledge. It can also be defined as scientific and systematic search for gaining information and knowledge on a specific topic or phenomena. In | | |management research is extensively used in various areas. Research provides a base for your business sound decision – making. There are three parts involved in any | | |of yo ur systematic finding: Implicit question posed, explicit answer proposed and Collection, analysis, and interpretation of the information leading from the | | |question to answer Illustration. Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; making | | |deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis?. | | | | | | | | |Market Research has become an important part in management decision-making. Marketing research is a critical part of such a Market intelligence system; it| | |helps to improve management decision making by providing relevant, accurate, & timely information. Every decision poses unique needs for information gathered | | |through marketing research.Thus, we can say that marketing research is the function that links the Consumer, Customer, and the public to the marketer | | |through information used to identify and define market ing opportunities and problems; Generate, Refine, and evaluate marketing actions and monitor marketing | | |performance; improve understanding of marketing as a process. | | | | | | | | | | | |1. Research Process | | | | | |1. 2. 1. Selecting A Topic: Topic is related to the area of interest. | | | | | |1. 2. 2. Literature Search: A researcher should be aware of the current research in the related area and further scope of expansion. | | | | | |1. 2. 3. Discussion with â€Å"Informants and Interested Parties† | | | | | |1. 2. 4.Sampling (described in Chapter VI) | | | | | |1. 2. 5. Formulating Your Hypothesis (described in Chapter VII) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |5 | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |1. 2. 6. Questionnaire Design -Translating the broad objectives of the study into questions that will obtain the necessary information. | | | | | |1. 2. 7. Fieldwork – Collection of data through questionnaire or interview | | | | | |1. 2. 8. Data Processing à ¢â‚¬â€œ coding and inputting the responses | | | | | |1. 2. . Statistical Analysis (hypotheses testing) | | | | | |1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results | | | | | |1. 2. 11. Writing up the Results- drawing conclusions / interpretations and relating the findings to other research. You will have been given separate notes on report | | |writing. | | | | | |1. Types of Research | | |A research can be classified as follows | | | | | |1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research | | | | | |1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research | | | | | |1. 3. Analytical Research | | | | | |1. 3. 4 Causal Research | | | | | |1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research | | | | | |1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research | | | | | |1. 3. Conceptual Research | | | | | |1. 3. 8 Modeling Research | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research: – The Exploratory Research structures and identifies new problems; it is an initial research which is commonly unstructured, ? informal? | | |research that is undertaken to gain background information about the gen eral nature of the research problem, without having any specific end-objective.It is | | |usually conducted when the researcher does not know much about the problem and needs additional information or desires new or more recent information. A research | | |that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many as relationships as possible between different variables of the study. | | |Ex: – Literature Survey, Experience survey. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research: – Descriptive research is more rigid than exploratory research, this research carries out specific objectives and hence it results to a| | |definite conclusion. Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not why.For example, it describes | | |users of a product, determines the proportion of the population that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product or describes the happening of a certain | | | | | | | | | | | |6 | | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |phenomenon. As opposed to exploratory research, if you are doing descriptive research you should define questions, people surveyed, and the method of analysis prior | | |to beginning data collection. | | | | | | | |1. 3. 3 Analytical research: – This type of research is used where information is already available, and analyzes these to make a critical evaluation of the material. | | |Analytical research takes descriptive research one stage further by seeking to explain the reasons | | |behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships. Once causal relationships have been discovered, the search then shifts to factors that can be | | |changed (variables) in order to influence the chain of causality.Typical questions in analytical research are: What factors might account for the high drop-out | | |rate on a particular degree programme? | | |Typical methods used in analytical research include: | | | | | | | | |[pic]Case studies [pic]Observation [pic]Historical analysis [pic]Attitude surveys [pic]Statistical surveys | | | | | |1. 3. 4 Causal Research: – Casual Research seeks to find cause and affect relationships between variables.It accomplishes this goal through laboratory and field | | |experiments. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research: – This research answers the questions about data that can be measured in terms of quantity or amount. It is applicable to | | |phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research: – This research involves analysis of data such as words (e. g. , from interviews), pictures (e. g. , video), or objects (e. g. , an | | |artifact).Answer questions about nature of phenomena in order to describe phenomena and understand it from the participant‘s point of view. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 7 Conceptual Research: – This type of research is related to some ideas or th eory and generally used by philosopher. | | | | | | | | |1. 3. 8 Modelling Research: – This type of research is related to business situation where business situation is formulated into different types of model. | |Ex:-Mathematical model, simulation models | | | | | | | | |1. 4 Criteria of good research | | | | | | | | |One thing that is important is the research work and the studies meet on the common ground of the scientific method. One expects scientific research to satisfy the | | |following criteria. | | | | |1. The purpose of research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used. | | | | | | | | |7 | | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |2.The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement. | | |3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible. | | |4. The researcher should report with comple te frankness, flaws in procedural designs and estimate their effects upon the findings. | | |5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. | | |6. Conclusion should be considered to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. | | |7.Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research. | | | | | |In other words we can state the qualities of a good research as under: | | | | | | | | |1. Good research is systematic: it means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specific sequence in accordance with well defined set of | | |rules. | | |2.Good research is logical: this implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and logical process of induction and deduction are of great | | |value in carrying out research. | | |3. Good r esearch is empirical: it implies that research is related basically to one or more aspects of real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a | | |basis for external validity to research results. | | |4. Good research is replicable: this characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for | | |decisions. | | | | | |1. Ethics of Research | | | | | | | | |As a profound social activity, research connects us to those who will use it, to those whose research we used, through them, to the research that our sources used; | | |Hence beyond technique, we need to think about ethics of civil communication. In addition to construction of bonds within any community, ethics deal with a range of | | |moral and immoral choices; Research challenges us to define individual moral principles; Academic researchers are less tempted to sacrifice principle for a| | |gain than commercial researchers. Plagiarism, claiming credit f or results of others, misreport sources or invent results, data with questionable accuracy, destroy | | |or conceal sources and data important for those who follow beyond simple moral. Do not to what we should affirmatively do, i. e. concern for the integrity of the | | |work of the community combined with narrow moral standards with the larger ethical dimension. Research done in the best interests of others is also in your own | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |8 | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |End Chapter quizzes: | | | | | |1. Research, in management, forms a base for a) Gathering knowledge | | |b) Interpretation of information | | |c) Business decision-making d) Reaching to conclusions | | | | | | | | |2. In research process, what is the next step after Defining the problem definition? | |a) Determine the Sampling design b) Review of Literature | | |c) Hypotheses Testing | | |d) Data interpretation and analysis | | | | | | | | |3. A research that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many as relationships as possible between different variables of the study, is | | |known as: | | |a) Exploratory Research | |b) Analytical Research | | |c) Quantitative Research d) Descriptive Research | | | | | | | | |4. Observations, case studies and surveys are methods which are implemented under: | | |a) Quantitative Research b) Analytical Research | | |c) Conceptual Research d) Exploratory Research | | | | | | | | |5.Mathematical and simulation models are examples of: | | |a) Descriptive Research b) Conceptual Research c) Qualitative research | | |d) Modeling Research | | | | | | | | |6. Which statement, out of the following, doesn‘t cater to the Research Ethics? | | |a) Concern for the integrity of the work b) Define individual moral principles | | |c) Plagiarism | | |d) Work community with moral standards | | |7.Research, seeking to explain the reasons behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal r elationships, can be defined as: | | |a) Causal Research | | | | | |9 | | Market ResearchADL-10 b) Modeling Research c) Qualitative Research d) Analytical Research 8. A descriptive research describes the users of a product, determines the proportion of the population that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree 9. Quantitative Research does not deal in: a) Figures b) Amount c) Relationships d) Quantities 10. Complete the statement:In addition to construction of bonds within any community, ethics deal with a range of a) Sacrifice people for a gain b) Claiming credit for results of others c) Moral and immoral choices d) Concealing objections that cannot be rebutted 10 Market ResearchADL-10 Chapter-II Research Problem and Research Design Contents: 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 What is a Research Problem? 2. 3 How to Select the Problem 2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) 2. 3. 2 Statement of the Problem 2. 3. 3 Steps Involved In D efining A Problem 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design 2. 6 Different Research Designs 2. 6. 1 Research Design in case of Exploratory Research 2. 6. Research Design in case of Descriptive Research 2. 6. 2. 1 Longitudinal Studies 2. 6. 2. 2 Cross-sectional Studies 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research 11 | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |2. 1 Introduction | | | | | |Research forms a cycle.It starts with a problem and ends with a solution to the problem. The problem statement is therefore the axis which the whole research | | |revolves around, because it explains in short the aim of the research. | | | | | |2. 2 What is a Research Problem? | | | | | |A research problem is the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, confused and ill at ease. In other words, it refers to some difficulty which a | | |researcher experiences in context of a situation and wants to obtai n the solution for the same.It is the demarcation of a problem area within a certain context | | |involving the WHO or WHAT, the WHERE, the WHEN and the WHY of the problem situation. There are many problem situations that may give rise to research. Three sources | | |usually contribute to problem identification. Own experience or the experience of others may be a source of problem supply. A second source could be scientific | | |literature. You may read about certain findings and notice that a certain field was not covered. This could lead to a research problem. Theories could be a third | | |source. Shortcomings in theories could be researched. | | | | | |2. How to Select the Problem | | | | | |The prospective researcher should think on what caused the need to do the research (problem identification). The question that he/she should ask is: Are there | | |questions about this problem to which answers have not been found up to the present? Research originates from a need that arises . A clear distinction between the | | |PROBLEM and the PURPOSE should be made. The problem is the aspect the researcher worries about, thinks about, and wants to find a solution for.The purpose is to | | |solve the problem, i. e. , find answers to the question(s). If there is no clear problem formulation, the purpose and methods are meaningless. | | | | | |Keep the following in mind: | | | | | | | | |[pic] Outline the general context of the problem area. | | |[pic] Highlight key theories, concepts and ideas current in this area. | | |[pic] What appear to be some of the underlying assumptions of this area? pic] Why are these issues identified important? | | |[pic] What needs to be solved? | | |[pic] Read the subject to get to know the background and to identify unanswered questions or controversies, and/or to identify the most significant issues for | | |further exploration. | | | | | |The research problem should be stated in such a way that it would lead to analytical thinking on t he part of the researcher with the aim of possible concluding | | |solutions to the stated problem. Research problems can be stated in the form of either questions or statements. | | | | | | | | | | |12 | | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |[pic] The research problem should always be formulated grammatically correct and as completely as possible. You should bear in mind the wording (expressions) you| | |use. Avoid meaningless words. There should be no doubt in the mind of the reader what your intentions are. | |[pic] Demarcating the research field into manageable parts by dividing the main problem into sub- problems is of the utmost importance. | | | | | |2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) | | | | | | | | |Sub-problems are problems related to the main problem identified. Sub problems flow from the main problem and make up the main problem. It is the means to reach the| | |set goal in a manageable way and contribute to solving the problem. | | | | |2. 3. 2 Statement of the Problem | | | | | | | | |The statement of the problem involves the demarcation and formulation of the problem, i. e. , the WHO/ WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY. It usually includes the | | |statement of the hypothesis. | | | | | |2. 3. Steps involved in defining a Problem | | | | | | | | |1) Statement of a problem should be given in broad general way: For example in case of a social research it is advisable to perform some field operations, collect | | |the survey, study it, and then phrase the problem in operational terms. | | |2) Understanding the origin and the nature of the problem clearly: It is essential to know the point of origin of the problem and discuss the problem with those who | | |has a better knowledge of the concerned area. | | |3) Survey all the literature available and examine them before defining a research problem. | | |4) Finally rephrase the research problem in to a walking proposition. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |13 | | Market ResearchADL-10 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem | |YES |NO | | |Is the problem of current interest? Will the research results have social, educational or scientific value? | | | |1 | | | | |2 |Will it be possible to apply the results in practice? | | | |3 |Does the research contribute to the science of education? | | | |4 |Will the research opt new problems and lead to further research? | | | |5 |Is the research problem important? Will you be proud of the result? | | |6 |Is there enough scope left within the area of research (field of research)? | | | | |Can you find an answer to the problem through research? Will you be able to handle the research problem? | | | |7 | | | | |8 |Will it be practically possible to undertake the research? | | | |9 |Is the research free of any ethical problems and limitations? | | | |10 |Will it have any value? | | | | |Do you have the necessary knowledge and skills to do the research? Are you qualified to undertake the research? | | |11 | | | | | |Is the problem important to you and are you motivated to undertake the research? | | | |12 | | | | | |Is the research viable in your situation? Do you have enough time and energy to complete the project? | | | |13 | | | | |14 |Do you have the necessary funds for the research? | | | |15 |Will you be able to complete the project within the time available? | | | |Do you have access to the administrative, statistic and computer facilities the research necessitates? | | | |16 | | | | | |TOTAL: | | 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design A research design is the plan or strategy, which helps in arranging the resources required for research purpose. It acts as a path or blueprint for the researcher. In other words, it is the advanced planning of the steps to be adapted for collection of relevant data and techniques to be used in their analysis keeping different time and budget constraint in mind.Along wi th the population to be surveyed, size of sample, tools for analyzing data, interpretation of data, it also includes the budget and the time constraints too. 14 | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |The Design decision is in respect to following terms: What is the study about? | | |Why to study a particular topic? Where the study will be conducted? Techniques to collect the relevant data? What will be the sample design? | | |How will the data be analyzed? What is the time required? What is the allocated Budget? | | | | |Need for Research Design: It helps for a smooth running of various research operations thereby making the research efficient, gaining maximum information with the | | |minimum expenditure of time, effort, and money. | | | | | |The Research Design is divided into following parts:- | | | | | |ResearchDesign | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Operational Design | | |Sampling Design | | | | | |Observational Design | | |Statistical Design | | |(Sub-d ivisions of a Research Design) | | | | | |Sampling Design: It deals with method of selection of samples to be collected /observed for a given study. | | | | | |Observational Design: It deals with the constraints and exceptions under which the observations are to be made. | | | | | |Statistical Design: It deals with the editing, coding and analysis of the data gathered. | | | | | |Operational Design: It deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in the above designs can be carried out. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |15 | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | | | | | | | |Features of a Good Design | | | | | |It should define the objective of problem to be studied | | |It should minimize the biasness and maximize the reliability of data | | |It should give smallest experimental error | | |It should be flexible enough to permit the consideration of many different aspects of a phenomenon. | | | | | | | | | | |Elements of a Research Desi gn: | | | | | |The important elements of a research design are: | | |[pic] Introduction: The Research proposal should define the research problem and the researcher‘s | | |precise interest in studying it. In other words it deals with the scope of study. | | | | | | | |[pic] Statement of the problem: It includes the formulation of problem which actually explains the objective of research. | | | | | | | | |[pic] Literature Review: It includes a review of different literatures and articles related to objective | | |of study. It is performed to get all the information‘s and researches done on the topic earlier. | | |[pic] Scope of Study: A complete study of any problem is difficult to study as it would entail an overwhelming amount of data.Therefore, the scope and dimensions | | |of the study should be delimited with reference to its depth, length, and geographical area to be covered, reference period, respondents to be studied and many other| | |different issues. We shou ld consider the time frames decided for the study and should finish it within the same tome slot. | | | | | | | | |[pic] Objective of Study: The questions to which the researcher proposes to seek answers through the study, comes under objectives. It should be stated clearly. | | |For example: | | |I.To study the nature of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | |II. To investigate the impact of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | |III. To examine the nature of relation between †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | |IV. To identify the causes of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | |The objective statements should not be vague like ? to explore unemployment in India? | | | | | | | | |[pic] Conceptual Model: After completing the above steps the researcher formulates and develops the structure of relationships among the variables under | | |investigation. | | | | | | | |[pic] Hypotheses: A hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. They refer to different possible outcomes. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |16 | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |[pic] Operational definition of concepts: It involves the different techniques used in exploratory and descriptive research in operational terms. | | |[pic] Significance of study: It is a careful statement of the value of the study and the possible applications of its findings which helps to justify purpose of | | |study, its importance and social relevance. | | | | | |[pic] Geographical area to be covered: The territorial area to be covered depends on the purpose, nature of study and availability of resources. It should | | |be decided and specified in the research plan. | | | | |[pic] Reference Period: This refers to the time period of which the data is analyzed. Also it depends on the availability of data. | | | | | |[pic] Sampling Plan: It is the study that requires collection of data fro m the fields, then we should decide the population to be selected for study and the | | |sampling design. | | | | | |[pic] Tools for Gathering data: Personal and Telephonic Interviews, Questionnaire, checklist are different tools for data collection. | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] Plan of Analysis: This includes the statistical techniques used for editing, coding and analysis of data. | | | | | |[pic] Chapter Scheme: The chapter scheme of report or dissertation should be prepared to give the outlines and the studies of the research conducted. | | | | | |[pic] Time Budget: The time period of research should be decided in advance and the research work should not exceed the time limits. This leads to loss of | | |resources and extra cost is involved. | | | | |[pic] Financial Budget: The cost of the project includes major categories like salary, printing, stationery, postage, travel expenses etc. | | | | | |2. 6 Different Research Designs: | | | | | | | | |2. 6. Research Design in case of Exploratory Research: -It is also termed as Formulative Research Studies. In this case we do not have enough understanding of the | | |problem. Its main purpose is more precise investigation about the objective of study. It is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems | | |they will meet during the study. Through this the researcher develops more clear concepts, establishes priorities, develop operational definitions also. This means | | |that a general study will be conducted without having any end-objective except to establish as many relationships as possible between the variables of study.The | | |Research Design in such studies must have inbuilt flexibility because the research problem broadly defined initially, is transformed into one with more | | |precise meaning. This type of research lay the foundation for formulation of different hypotheses of research problems. It involves the study of | | |17 | | | | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |sec ondary data. It rarely involves structured questionnaire, large samples and probability sampling plans. | | | | | | | |Different types of Exploratory Research | | |[pic] Literature Survey: It is a study involving a collection of literatures in the selected area in which the researcher has limited experience, and critical | | |examination and comparison of them to have better understanding. It helps in updating the past data related to the topic of research. It also helps in | | |formulation of relevant hypothesis if it is not formed. | | | | | | | | |[pic] Experience Survey: It is a survey of experiences of experts/specialists related to the field of research which acts as a database for future research.This | | |helps in generating ideas with minimum data collection. The decision making in the probabilistic situations is a complex process therefore the study of the | | |experiences of the executives/researchers can be carried out using experience survey. Bidding of Tenders, Technol ogy forecasting, Manpower and Materials planning, | | |Production Scheduling, Portfolio Decisions etc. are examples of experience survey. | | | | | | | | |2. 6. 2 Research Design in case of Descriptive Research : – It is carried out with specific objectives and hence a definite end-result.It is structured | | |research with clearly stated hypothesis or investigative questions. It deals with describing the characteristics associated with the population chosen for | | |research, Estimates of the proportions of a population that have these characteristics and discovery of relationship among several variables. It is based on large | | |representative samples. The design in such studies must be rigid and focus attention on the following: | | |What is the study about and why is it done? Designing methods of data collection. Selecting the sample. | | |Processing and analysis of data. | | |Interpretations of Results. Budget and Time Constraints. | | | | | | | |For example: to descri be characteristics of consumers, sales people, market areas or organizations. | | | | | | | | |2. 6. 2. 1 Longitudinal Studies | | |Longitudinal studies are time series analyses that make repeated measurements of the same individuals, thus allowing you to monitor behavior such as | | |brand switching. However, longitudinal studies are not necessarily representative since many people may refuse to participate because of the commitment required. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |18 | | Market ResearchADL-10 cross-sectional analysis is a cohort analysis, which tracks an aggregate of individuals who experience the same event 2. 6. 2. 2 Cross-sectional Studies Cross-sectional studies sample the population to make measurements at a specific point in time. A special type of within the same time interval over time.You can use Cohort analyses for long forecasting of product demand. 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research: -When it is necessary to determine that one variable determi nes values of other variables, causal research design is used. Thus the relationship between different variables is established. It is a research design in which the major emphasis is on determining a cause-and-effect relationship. When we start the research work it is not necessary that only one type of research is used, we can use a combination of two or all the three types of research. Also research is an unending process, so there may be a clue left, which can initiate a research objective for other researchers. 19 | | |Market Research |ADL-10 | | | | | |End Chapter Quizzes | | | | | |1. For an appropriate research, there should be a clear distinction between a. Methods and Tools | | |b. Purpose and Techniques | | |c. Problem and Methods for implementation d.Problem and Purpose ** | | | | | | | | |2. Which one of the following does not state the components of a research problem? | | |a. An individual or group having some difficulty | | |b. There shouldn‘t be any doubt in the mind of researcher with regard to selection of | | |alternatives** | | |c. There must be some environment to which the difficulty pertains d.There must be some objectives to be attain

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Mid term paper comapring and constrasting one perfect day' and ' the

Mid comapring and constrasting one perfect day' and ' the ameican way of death - Term Paper Example Take for example, the two known lavish industry nowadays, the wedding and funeral industry. These two industries are respectively discussed in â€Å"One Perfect Day† by Rebecca Mead and â€Å"The American Way of Death† by Jessica Mitford. To emphasize, both of the books are written exposà © of the real deal behind the two events in one’s life, wedding and funeral. The former reveals the issues behind the wedding industry which actually counts one hundred sixty billion dollars in the United States economy (â€Å"Synopsis†). On the other hand, the latter talks about the highly commercialized funeral service in America. Both of the authors highlighted the â€Å"costs† of having either of the two. It is observed that the wedding and funeral industry have become more and more expensive. In the book â€Å"One Perfect Day,† the main topic is about a wedding ceremony which highlights the two central figures, the bride and the groom. Nonetheless, majority of the exposà ©s are associated with the whims and caprices of the bride from the gown to the wedding’s order of events. Plausibly, the bridal gown which is the central object with its matching accessories such as the shoes, veil and many others are also considered by the author in exposing the evils behind the wedding industry. Normally, in a wedding, it is the bride who initially plans everything as the groom only approves or makes some modifications. This is the normal behavior during the planning stage. In most cases, the bride and the groom hire a wedding planner to set up everything for them. The author then highlights the disadvantages of hiring a wedding planner (Mead). The author’s explanation do not really dwell on the skill of the wedding planner, but, instead on the accessory role of such person in the wedding and its correlative effect to the substantive aspect of the ceremony. Obviously, there is much to spend

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Wellness Center. Sunnyside Wellness Center Inc Essay

Wellness Center. Sunnyside Wellness Center Inc - Essay Example These services will give the firm a competitive edge over what the others in this industry have to offer. The demand for organic cooking classes is on the rise. â€Å"Recent surveys indicate that the demand is so strong that supply is not able to keep up with it† (Stith, 2011). The company will be a full service 24 hour facility with state of the art equipment, personal training, spa, sauna cooking classes, and class connection via internet. The customers will have the ability to not only take our organic cooking classes live, but also via the internet. Mission Statement The mission of the company is to focus on individual health and well being while increasing the knowledge of organic nutrition to achieve rejuvenation of the mind body and spirit. The firm’s objective is to be recognized as an alternative health and fitness solution resource for families, businesses, and individuals. The idea is to eventually spread into a franchise opportunity where others will have a chance to benefit from the pro-type business. Upon review of the competition no one is currently offering the service of organic cooking classes live or via internet. Introduction Sunnyside will offer new and innovating services which will educate and empower our consumers. In addition our consumers will experience the ultimate rejuvenation services through a combination of medical massage therapy in our state of the art sauna and spa rooms. This new way of servicing consumers in the fitness industry was born out of the ideal to addresses a need and want, and impact health issues in a positive way. New services are created to address the needs of society. The purpose of this business project is to establish a facility that concentrates on fitness and nutrition concerns for everyday people. In addition providing essentials for a healthy body, both on the inside and the outside, using natural methods that are chemical-free and allow the consumer to take responsibility for their health . This is a viable business opportunity because it utilizes the key foundational factors of health and fitness. In 2010 the health and fitness industry in the United States generated $24.23 billion (Ibisworld, 2011). Sunnyside Wellness & Spa Centers (SWSC) competitive edge will be the new and dynamic organic cooking classes within its facilities in addition to the sauna & spa. This venture will be successful because it addresses the nutritional and physical concerns that many consumers have. â€Å"Public and private organizations have mounted ongoing efforts to change Americans behavior toward nutrition and exercise† (Fatworld). The other similar businesses in the greater Chicagoland area currently do not offer nutritional instruction along with fitness programs, sauna/spa, and workout equipment. A full service health and wellness center with an equal emphasis on healthy cooking & eating will be a positive impact on society. The firm expects to see a significant impact the fi rst year; the sales projections for the first year are over 3 million dollars. This information is contained in the sales forecast. The target market of the enterprise are  males, females, either  single and/or with families in the greater Chicagoland area. The first task is to convince consumers of the benefits of enrolling in an organic cooking class along with the fitness programs. This will be accomplished by aggressively pursuing interaction and relationships with individuals who would profit from using this new service. Once a strong image is established, Sunnyside Wellness

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS - Assignment Example By allowing trade with other countries consumers locally can get a wider variety of products or services to choose from. Such healthy competition is a double win for the consumer as it also can lead to reduction in prices as corporations fight out for market-share. A wise man once said that no man is an island. This wise man could well have been talking about countries. The world has grown to a point where it is a global village and nations quite literally depend on each other. Take airbus industry for example which has airplane parts manufactured in factories all across Europe and then brought to France for final assembly. This is only possible because of the conducive trade environment provided by the European Union. The middle east provides the world with most fuel, Europe and America build machinery while Africa and south America provide food. Without free trade, the world would, quite literally, stagnate. Two thumbs up to the World Trade Organization for its gallant efforts in ensuring all barriers to trade are effectively removed. I cannot agree more with my classmate on this matter. As I have pointed out in my arguments, free trade bears more good than harm for our world. On your part, you have pointed out one more benefit that international trade has for the world : assisting developing countries. Free trade allows poor nations access to resources they cannot manufacture on their own and also is a source of income for them through foreign

Monday, August 26, 2019

Revenge - John Milton, Paradise Lost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revenge - John Milton, Paradise Lost - Essay Example The latter no longer is able to rejoice in taking revenge. But why do people still seek revenge? Why is revenge after associated with guilt and fails to bring pleasure the avenger hopes for? The answer lies in the fields of psychology and history. Revenge has been a subject of many academic debates and has become the main element in literature and the world of the Arts. In popular mind it is associated with a ‘sweet’ dish, that is ‘better served cold’, though in a while it proves less satisfying and harmless than in the start. Revenge is believed to have appeared as the outcome of the disputes over the material objects and territory. Later the scope of offence that lead to revenge moved to the realm of social humiliation and honor (Science 25). However, no matter what the causes the revenge are, the main issues concern the disambiguation between revenge and justice, as well as the ways revenge manifests itself. Historically, revenge was one of the means of s ocial organization. Seeking revenge was desirable and prescribed. For example in the Bible, in Exodus 21:23 we can find traces of ‘eye for eye’ approach. Psychologists and historians agree that revenge the form of keeping order within societies where law system was weak (Bibb 13). Revenge bears numerous cultural implications as approaches to it change from century to century, and from country to country. For example, in Ancient Greece revenge That means that historically revenge equals justice, whereas in modern world the role of justice is supported by the system of laws, making revenge no longer as acceptable as in the ancient times (Science 34). Attitudes to revenge vary across cultures. For example, in Ancient Greece revenge was seen as equivalent of punishment. The purpose of revenge in this approach lay in preventing offender and society from repeating the offence, desrtuction of the offender was not the main goal of the act of revenge. The act of revenge unfolded along three main perspectives: a) the desire to cause offender pain; b) the necessity to make him know the person who caused the pain; c) the importance of informing the offender about the reasons for pain , i.e. letting him know that he brought it on himself by mistreating someone. In this view killing a person or ruining reputation was the act of hatred, not revenge. Thus, in Greek culture revenge is not necessarily an act of violence, it serves as a form of punishment as its reasons and causes are clear to the victim. In western culture revenge is often seen as irrational, as something wrong as it stems from resentment and not from moral obligation. At the same time in traditional honor cultures revenge is acceptable and bears no negative implications. In English social culture revenge was the act of restoring one’s social status and honor. In Africa and Asia the concept of revenge is colosly intertwined with the cult of ancestors. The cultures defy vengeance and violence while the concept of ancestral wrath brings about a dilemma (Bibb 45). The causes that make people seek revenge also bear numerous cultural implications. Findings prove that in individual cultures violation of rights and harm to the social status or authority are likely to cause frevenge. In collective culture violation of the sense of duty or the established rule might make a person seek revenge. Moreover, in collective cultures wrong done to one member of the social group is seen as personal offence by other

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Motivation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivation - Assignment Example A school scenario is the best example whereby students will be forced to learn something by their teachers whether they like it or not. Another case scenario can be applied at work. Self employed individuals require no external forces to trigger them to work hard. On the other hand, casual employees must be pushed so that they can work. ICON product and marketing mix motivation must put emphasis on the fact that both elements must achieve great results. Health and product motivation should be structured to meet the consumer’s attention of various health products. Consumer motivation ensures that the ICON products are identified in the market. This can be aimed through various ideologies like the use of motivational levels and Product advertisement. Marketing mix will be achieved through the product pricing, distribution to the target market and also promotion through product campaigns like penetration scheme where a product is introduced in the market at a very low price. Health product motivation can have an effect on information owned by the people. A good example is the drug sector where customers prefer more brands than others depending on the package of each drug

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Easter Offensive 1972 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Easter Offensive 1972 - Research Paper Example The size and ferocity the offensive unleashed to the waiting American and Vietnamese forces had been under estimated thus leading to them being overwhelmed by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The involvement of John Ripley in the Easter offensive which lasted over three hours is also reportedly the end of the North Vietnam Army push to conquer the south. The following paper is a description of the Easter offensive that occurred in Dong Ha when the NVA’s Push for the Southern Vietnamese nation. It also describes the involvement of John Ripley in combat while still exploring the under looked issues in the mission. The Easter Offensive Before the South Vietnamese Operation Lam Son which was to fail, discussions had been held by the Hanoi leadership on the Easter offensive. This was during the 19th Plenum of the Central Committee of the Lang Dong party in 1971. It is reported that by December that same year the Politburo had resolved to launch a mega attack on the southern region of Vietnam (George 75). This would be favored by the elections that were to take place in the United States the following year. In addition, the US marines in the area were being withdrawn from Vietnam. Consequently, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) was increasingly being stretched over the South Vietnam border. It is also reported that the ARVN was increasing losing their ground on the border to an estimated 600 miles to the NRV. Moreover, the ARVN was offensive was a promising memory after the failure of the Laos mission. As described by George (24), ‘This decision marked the end of three years of political infighting between two factions within the Politburo: those members grouped around  Truong Chinh, who favored following the Chinese model of continued low-intensity  guerrilla warfare  and rebuilding the north; and the "southern firsters" centered around Defense Minister Vo Nguyen Giap and supported by First Party SecretaryLe Duan  (both of whom supporte d the  Soviet  model of big offensives)’ . The decision would be to use a combined mega guerilla attack on the security forces. This is also supported by Nalty (

Friday, August 23, 2019

Information System (IT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information System (IT) - Essay Example It serves computer industries dealing with hardware, software and consumer electronics worldwide. Michael Porters value chain framework helps to analyze activities through which creates value and gains competitive advantage. In this case, Delta Airlines applies different secondary and primary activities in realizing its value chain. For instance, the company uses technology (secondary activity) through its company website to enhance flight scheduling for its clients. Another secondary activity used by the company is the procurement of resources such as acquisition of aircraft and their parts. Primary activities of Delta Airlines include marketing of its services to their target audience through different marketing channels such as Internet marketing. Another primary activity is great customer service that is realized through a good company motivational plans. Organizational designs make sure that the rights to make decisions are properly allocated. In hierarchical, a manager is the mediator and oversees information collection from those answerable to him and reports as in is the case in several companies around the globe. Flat structures support information flow all through the firm like in the case of matrix which involves small groups that are interconnected. Some of the technologies that support this organizational structures and designs is the Intranet. Intranet functions just like the Internet, but it’s not available to the out Internet community as it’s solely for a given

Thursday, August 22, 2019

The General Principles of Operation Management Essay

The General Principles of Operation Management - Essay Example Being selected by a lot of market research and surveys as the car of the year for a number of years it shows that, Toyota has an unbeaten record worldwide. Due to the good quality Toyota's worldwide fame and success kept going, back in 1995, Toyota was the top car in the Middle East. Moreover, TMC has manufactured extremely high-quality cars that do not make much noise or do they do produce unpleasant fumes, Toyota uses more than 40 emission-control systems, it also uses dozens of technologies that have improved passenger-car safety. 2) The second performance objective is speed, this objective highlights the fact that by doing things on reasonably fast speed, the company can minimize the time between the order and the availability of the product same goes for a service this tends to give the customer a speed advantage over other companies. The TMC's techniques are highly focused operations that lessen complexity by using easy as well as small machines, which are robust and supple. This is done by rearranging the layout along with the flow in order to improve simplicity improves the speed of production. Statistics of the late 1980 show how 27 years back the output per worker was a lot more than US or European plants. 3) The third performance objective is dependent... 3) The third performance objective is dependability, this objective highlights the fact that the organization has performed complete its production in the time period which it has promised the customer (David 2006). In order to get a better understanding of this objective a good example to quote here would be that TMC includes 'Just-in-time' (JIT) production system along with workers who are multi-skilled that work as a team, They use 'kanban control' which has permitted them to deliver products as they have promised. Improving efficiency as well as quality is the first and foremost concern of not only the managers and technical experts but also of each and every employee. So, it can be said that TMC is a good example of the third objective. 4) The fourth objective is 'flexibility', this objective involves the responding to a vibrant environment of the organization that brings change in their products and services it also changes the manner in which they do business. An organization has got to learn to love a change in order to develop flexible as well as responsive organizations to manage with a good dynamic business environment. (Peters, T. 1998) Again to demonstrate the importance of these objectives the example of TMC will be used. The TMC plant is always adopting new and innovative manufacturing resources, in order to launch new models at a fast pace. Due to this Toyota was able to attain an extremely high level of flexibility, producing fairly small batches of diverse models with slight or no loss at all of productivity or quality. TMC during the years has provided an array of options from which customers can select from.

Critical Theory and the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Critical Theory and the Middle East Essay Critical theory is actually tackled by two different intellectual traditions from which the term is derived – critical theory in literary studies and critical social theory. The former is primarily a form of hermeneutics, or knowledge that is gained through the interpretation in the understanding of the meanings presented through human texts and symbolic expressions. On the other hand, the latter is a form of knowledge that is self-reflective which involves both understanding and theoretical explanation which intend reduction of entrapment within systems like domination and dependence, in the advancement of emancipator interest to expand autonomy and reduce domination. Critical theory from a sociological perspective, is best defined as that social theory that is in contrast to some of the principles of the 20th century positivism, and is, in fact, sometimes referred to as negative philosophy. Contrary to the general idea that knowledge comes from people’s sense-experience, critical theory proposes rationalism which posits that the source of knowledge and the source of common humanity is the fact that humans are rational beings. This paper adopts the sociological perspective of critical theory, and relates it with the Middle East scenario, taking Qatar into particular focus, as an example of the Middle East countries. Historical Background The concept of critical theory dates as early as 1937, with Max Horkheimer of Frankfurt School giving meaning to it as a social theory that is oriented toward critiquing and changing the society in general, contrary to the traditional theory that is oriented merely in the understanding or explaining the society. Most accounts of the theory closely link it with the Frankfurt School of Social Research (or Frankfurt School which later became the International Institute for Research at Columbia University, New York in 1933), while some trace its origins to as far back through Hegelianism and Western Marxism. Most of the key contributors to the theory are employed at the Frankfurt Institute, like Theodore W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, along with Hokheimer who was the Institute’s Director at that time. The other contributors who were not employed at the Institute were Walter Benjamin and Ernst Bloch, both published their materials in the Institute’s journal as well as engaged in other activities of the Institute. Later on, in 1945, a certain Hannah Arendt also helped by extending the concern for liberation as developed in the works of the Institute. After 1945, in Germany, Jurgen Habermas and Axel Honeth continued the advancement of critical social theory. Marx’s Influence on the Critical Theory It has been said by analysts of today that the common thread between and among the German critical theory and the French post-structuralism is that they are both anchored on Karl Marx’s theory of social change, which generally proposes for philosophers and thinkers to not just interpret the world, but rather change it. Such Marxian theory has been revised by critical theorists to posit that the critical theory rests on the concept of intervention which comes from appropriate understanding of the past and present conditions which provides adequate insight towards change, or possibilities of it. Further down the history of critical theory, Marx’s great influence can be traced with the Praxis School, which was a Marxist humanist philosophical movement originating from Zagreb and Belgrade in Yugoslavia in the 1960s. This Praxis School was closely linked with the Frankfurt School and the Critical Theory. In fact, the term critical theory is derived from Marx’s concept about his work Capital as a form of critique of political economy. Middle East in Context The Middle East or the Muslim world in particular, has been perceived by the rest of the world as an oppressive society where only men have the freedom to live the way they want to live, while women are repressed and stay in the shadows of their men. It is anchored basically on the Islamic teachings which have shaped the Muslim people’s beliefs, culture and traditions. In a traditional Muslim society, the women are raised and trained to obey and serve men without questions or opinions. Muslim women are not allowed to decide on anything, even for their own personal concerns, since it is the men who have the right to decide – this comes from the practice of betrothing the women, and the men paying dowry for the women they marry. This technically makes the women possessions of men. Through the years, the plight of Muslim women who also want to pursue careers, who also want to live freely and have more options than to be betrothed and raise a family, have been slowly heard by the world. Through the years, things have changed dramatically and drastically in the Muslim World. Contemporary Muslim societies have successful Muslim women on boob tube talking about pleasurable sex, albeit maintaining that it be in the context of marriage, but still, such freedom to speak about sex in public was a big taboo in years past. Qatar’s Shiekah Muzah Bint Nasser Al Misned, is another example of an emancipated lot of Muslim women now successfully treading career paths that were never trodden before. How did it all happen? What brought about such changes in the society that was once repressive but now tolerate and allow women to have choices? Critical Theory in the Middle East (Qatar) The Middle East, particularly Qatar, has gone through a lot of upheavals, significantly changing the social, political and cultural landscape of the nation. Applying the critical social theory, which seeks to critically study the interrelated facets of society – political, economic and social – with interventions appropriately based on understanding, Qatari society has been led by its leaders into a more tolerant society in the interest of further development and advancement. Looking back to the socio-political and economic landscape that gave birth to the Marxian theory and the critical theory, it was a repressive society and constrictive governmental policies that were sought to change by the proponents. Mere analysis and understanding of such society and government were not enough, and thus interventions based on appropriate understanding was proposed. The Qatari situation is no different. Awakening to the real situation, deep understanding of them, led the people and the leaders to create changes which now manifest in its media, which is rich in stories of women achievers. One of the leading women figures in Qatar is none other Her Highness Shiekah Muzah Bint Nasser Al Misned, who heads the nation’s Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development. Summary The sociological definition of critical theory generally posits that it is necessary that matters be tackled in a multi-dimensional perspective, and that rationalism is as a key to understanding situations need to be coupled with interventions. In societies where societal norms tend to repress some sectors’ freedom, it is a necessity to pursue a critical outlook of the situation and provide measures to address the issues. In Qatar, for instance, the nation underwent various upheavals which significantly changed its social, political, cultural and economic scenarios, giving freedom to women as they have never experienced before. Personal Opinion Oppression or repression of any kind is always an unpleasant situation, much less to a more vulnerable group in the society, the women. History is replete with situations of oppression and repression, and almost all those situations ended up wrecking nations, which means that ultimately, the people are wrecked as the ultimate victims. The proponents of critical social theory emphasizes the rational nature of people which, if given deeper interpretation, only emphasizes that as rational beings, people must be treated as such, rational. Further, the argument of Marx that it is not enough for people or philosophers to merely interpret society, but rather must change it, rings a bell of truth in the contemporary times. For instance, in the Middle East, much have been written about the societal repression, but only recently have changes been felt and manifest. Only when some things have been done to change the situation. References Ahmed, L. , 1993, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate Edition: reissue, illustrated, Published by Yale University Press, 1993. Calhoun, C. J. , 1995, Critical social theory: culture, history, and the challenge of difference, Edition: reprint, Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 1995. Held, D. , 1980, Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas,Published by University of California Press, 1980. Swank, A. ,2007, Sexual healing: How big is kalaam kibeer? , Arab Media and Society. Issue 2, Summer 2007, Published by The American University in Cairo. UNDP-POGAR, 2007, Women in public life, gender and women, Gender and Citizenship Initiative, 2007.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Our Societies Get Benefits From Modern Technology Education Essay

Our Societies Get Benefits From Modern Technology Education Essay Introduction: Technology plays a major role in modern life that affects all the aspect of human activities. Therefore our societies get a lot of benefits from modern technology. Universities and colleges for example have so many facilities. Such as labs with sophisticated computer devices, internet connections with high speed, projectors and smart boards. Using these developed tools can help students in many ways; first, students can study and understand their subjects well when they use audio-visual technology. Second, students may pass their exams online. Third, they can access a lot of resources like libraries, websites, and scientific papers online. These facilities may help students master their subjects, save time, and stay in touch with the new world. History: A Scale chart for using Technology since 1780 to 2011 This Chart will be explained well throw the attached document. What kind of Programs that the students can use it in the universities life and can be used in studying, and projects things? The programs are: 7zip : with is using for extracting high compressed files AutoCad : used for drawing without using pencil and papers Adium : used for messaging but using Mac operating system only Amanda : for Network disk Msn Messenger : communication with the students and their instructors Azureus: Peer to Peer programs which is being used mostly in the dorms to exchange files and things like Videos, pictures, etc. SQL : DataBase program used at the universities especially not schools Microsoft Office : Excel , Access, Word , PowerPoint and Outlook Audios and Videos Programs https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhriW_zj75m5c6YH8tuCsVCmrnqQZnUlOgRsSwLK5naaPuROx1ylynjUXuwZlQlpIGiT8SVd0eU__mxeL70N6eIotL5xauBXM4nI1dnGs5zrQdKmHWMDD_fE2ZHWbyTiLHf7lSPo6x1uo/s400/osdm_startup.JPG http://www.limewireworld.info/images/azureus.jpg (www.mdzworld.tk) (talk2gerd.blogspot.com) https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgod16EFOeSWA4dB6QrDXCXBXi4IQUMKZH5okAGIZO5zdd0UuXyX_yrHri6Gakcs5E-B3MeQgGyhf7dxX8WOhRzQn9MOK3xyF1k_7SBUAzFVAESLeLiPy1Uoj8TtmVF-uW-qhQEYuVme20/s1600/Microsoft%20Office%202007.jpg http://www.qortuba.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/msn-mac.jpg (www.sizlopedia.com) (www.c-404-find.net) Advantages and disadvantages of Technology in Education: The technology facilities that we have today has offered a lot of information and ideas to students, which saves great potential for learning, today we have so many procedures and way to present data and information for different learners whatever their learning style is, and make them benefit from the material. And this doesnt only include the web world and internet, but also includes many technological facilities such as projectors and smart boards (Hollowell, 2010). There are some conditions that may prevent some students from getting benefits from the technological facilities during their studies, so they may not be able to have computers or laptops due the socio-economic status, some of the students may live in a place without a computer, some other students might be attending a school in a poor district that doesnt offer more devices or a school that offers limited number of devices, this will lead these students to a disadvantage in learning and practicing the technology, in addition we all know that poor cities have less chances to receive new technological facilities (Hollowell, 2010). This new generation depends on computers and technology, we cannot even doubt this. Technology taken a very important role in our studies, but it is very important to know that it can really give some improvement to the traditional methods of learning but it cannot replace it, finally the quality of the class relies on the knowledge of the instructor and not on the technology available (Hollowell, 2010). As technology can be more helpful in the classroom for students and teachers, there is a chance that it might be a source of distraction and confusion for both students and teachers, experts are required to be available in schools and colleges to fix the hardware and software problems because some teachers doesnt have enough knowledge to do that, supporting the purchased technology is necessary to avoid the useless and disadvantage of it. Technology always needs frequent check to avoid the damage (Olsen). It is incredible and useful to use online education because it can be accessed at anytime and from anywhere, and this advantage allows the students to give time for their daily lives while concentrating in their learning objectives. Traditional methods of learning have more specific places and specific times (Roath). Online classrooms are very convenient in connecting students to each other and to their instructors, so that they can meet at anytime of the day or night with no difficulties. In opposite communication and interaction in physical classrooms can occur only during classroom hours (Roath). How can we get benefit from using technology in our studies? In the 21 century, technology has been changed in a different way in our community. Many people from all over the wide world rely on computers and technological devices in their daily lives. Schools and other educational organizations have been able to offer more computers for their students since computers became more valuable, there are too many benefits that students can get from technology (Elizabeth Reed Osika) . The educational technology is used as helpful tools to enhance students learning and success in the American schools for around 30 years. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) was made to assist students to benefit and obtain the basic skills, as well as practicing them (U.S. Department of Educatation). Some people think that there is a similarity between the importance of technology education and the importance of teaching aids and methods, But actually there is a big difference between the two of them, which means that the importance of technological education is more comprehensive (hibatolah, 2007). Insight: in which illustrations and graphs have a very important part in clarifying the written concepts to the student (hibatolah, 2007). Understanding: the means of technology education help students to recognize things (hibatolah, 2007). Abilities and skills: the means of education are important to teach students some skills such as: pronunciations and spellings (hibatolah, 2007). The way of thinking: the means of technology education plays an effective role in training students to think clearly and solve their own problems (hibatolah, 2007). In addition to verifying the experience, the growth of general knowledge, forming concepts, and the variegation of evaluation methods to meet the differences between students (hibatolah, 2007). If we try to make a comparison between students in schools and students in universities, we will find that schools students doesnt get more benefits from the facilities that are available for them because they usually waste their times playing games, chatting, etc. on the other hand, university students often know the value of these facilities and the benefits that they can get from them.Technology is improving education? Technology is helping teachers and students to better understand the content of their subjects, and allows them to develop the teaching and studying methods in order to get more benefits; the role of technology in schools and universities has turned from a simple (computer class or IT class) into a multipurpose learning tool that can change the way we demonstrate concepts, assign projects, and assess programs (Kessler, 2010). In the following points, some examples on how technology has shown its potential to improve education: 1- Developed stimulations and models. 2- International learning. 3- Sensors and probes. 4- Multimedia. 5- Electronic books. 6- Scientific games. (Kessler, 2010) Technology improves education at universities in many ways such as: 1- Online examinations which are more helpful. 2- Online studying systems. 3- Video conference classes. 4- Online Students accounts. 5- Scientific labs for engineering students. Methodology: To figure out the importance of technological facilities in the educational organizations we formed this survey that can enable us to find out the opinion of the students about it and to give a short study about these facilities that were used The Survey contains yes or no questions and it also the last question is talking about the opinion and suggestions. And how we can use it to improve the technology in educational field. Findings: Randomly selected people Q1. Is there any kind of technology facilities in your university? Table Yes NO 45 students 75% 15 students Figure Q2. Do you think technology is helpful in your college life? Yes NO 53 students 88.3% 7 students Table Figure Q3. Do you think that online exams are more convenient for you? Yes NO 34 students 56.7% 26 students Table Figure Q4. Is it more helpful to study depending on online systems? Table Yes NO 39 students 65% 21 students Figure Q5. Is your university planning to improve its technology facilities in the near future? Yes NO 38 students 63.3% 22 students Table Figure Q6. Have you ever tried the video conference classes? Yes NO 18students 30% 42 students Table Figure Q7. Are you satisfied with the facilities that you have in your university? Yes NO 25students 41.7% 35 students Table Figure Q8. What is your opinion in using these facilities at your university? As we found from the Survey data that all of the students agree with the point of developing the University Technology that it can help them in studying and doing their job and they considered that some of them dont have the good technology that can satisfy them, over all they should upgrade their facilities or the university facilities. Now a days all the students want something easy to learn from and an easy way to get the information with lots of interesting technique so any education organization which want to gain a lot of money use this technique to attract more students to come to their organization not only to get money but also to be honest to help the students to improve their thinking to develop this organization which will help their country not only their country but also the whole world by building new generation , with high thinking . Summary: In the year 1780 all the educational organizations including universities, colleges, and schools used to teach their students without using any type of technology, but in the new generation and especially in the year 2000, technology became a very important part of education. The revolution of technology brought us many useful programs that we can use in different field of lives, these programs have an effective role in changing our lives and make easier and better. From this research we found out that we can get advantages from bringing technology in our studies, but we also found out that there are disadvantages from the use of technology that might ruin our studies and affect our future in a negative way. From this research we learned how to get the benefits of technological education, and use these benefits in a lot of organizations such as: schools, universities. We are obligated to train our students to use these benefits in a positive way. The survey showed that the majority of students agree that technology is helpful in their college life, this mean that students have a strong conscience about what is happening in todays world. Recommendations: 1- Technology is very important in education, in addition it is helpful for students and instructors. 2- Universities and schools should be equipped by technological facilities. 3- Educational establishments must train their students to use the technological tools. 4- It is mandatory to do a regular check up and update the labs and the devices especially at universities. 5- Students have to take courses in IT to make sure that they can use computers and other tools. 6- All of us must strive and struggle to try to find and discover new technological devices and programs in order to fulfill our studies. References: http://www.google.ae/search?q=the+history+of+using+technology+in+the+universitieshl=enbiw=1436bih=731prmd=ivnstbs=tl:1tbo=uei=tevXTdG4KMy6hAfnlNzNBgsa=Xoi=timeline_resultct=titleresnum=11ved=0CGQQ5wIwCg http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html http://www.ehow.com/about_4815039_advantages-disadvantages-technology-education.html http://cct.edc.org/admin/publications/speeches/testimony_lhe01.pdf http://www.new7ob.com/vb/pro48841.htm http://www.et-ar.net/vb/showthread.php?t=926 http://www.ehow.com/facts_6182306_competitive-online-vs_-traditional-education.html http://www.ehow.com/about_5435887_disadvantages-technology-classroom.html http://www.ehow.com/about_4815039_advantages-disadvantages-technology-education.html Can you Improve your Schools Technology  Support http://cct.edc.org/admin/publications/speeches/testimony_lhe01.pdf http://cct.edc.org/admin/publications/speeches/testimony_lhe01.pdf http://cct.edc.org/admin/publications/speeches/testimony_lhe01.pdf http://cct.edc.org/admin/publications/speeches/testimony_lhe01.pdf http://www.c-404-find.net/software/11023-microsoft-office-2007-blue-edition.html http://joooba.com/vb/showthread.php?t=2964 http://talk2gerd.blogspot.com/2008/10/sql-developer-data-modeling.html http://www.sizlopedia.com/2009/01/21/best-chat-clients-mac-os/

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

A Report On Pride And Prejudice English Language Essay

A Report On Pride And Prejudice English Language Essay By comparing and contrasting the marriage proposals of Mr Collins and Mr. Darcy, examine the attitudes to marriage explored by Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice. You should: Consider Jane Austens use of language; Consider social and historical contexts; Comment on any moral dimensions explored in the text; Discuss key characters; Comment on central themes and ideas During the eighteenth and nineteenth century marriage is a state to which every lady was expected to aspire: it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. The first sentence of the novel introduces two of the most important aspects of life at the time; marriage and wealth. During the time of Jane Austen, marriage was about money, power and appearance. These components were essential for what would be deemed, a good marriage. Marriage was for reasons of increasing the couples, and their families social and financial ranking. The opening sentence does not provoke any images of love but only to have security of marriage which aids both families both socially and for wealth purposes. Mr. Collins proposal to Elizabeth is strange to say the least. Not only is it clear that he has his proposal speech ready made, he refuses to take no for an answer. He has even prepared a rejection speech to try and win her back. We can relate to Elizabeth from the beginning of the book, her rational thinking it what she may consider her greatest trait. She is described as having something of quickness than her sisters which is completely true. This quickness is shown when she argues back to Mr Collins, and later in the novel,someone of far higher ranking which was socially unheard of. Mr. Collins proposal is humorous in the sense that he clearly does not know Elizabeth and her personality. Jane Austen use of irony appears often in Chapter 19 as she mocks him in a kind nature without insulting him too greatly. Mr. Collins is formal in his proposal and having no feeling of diffidence he is sure that he will not be refused. His proposal is structured like a speech or a sermon in his case, and amuses us as the reader and Elizabeth herself as she finds it difficult not to laugh. The use of rhetorical devices such as numbering his points and punctuating his proposal with terms like thus adds to the hilarity of it. Mr. Collins tries to flatter her by talking of her perfections, a use of hyperbole. He also describes her as a natural delicacy. Mr. Collins tells Elizabeth that he has been told Mr Collins, you must marry by his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Lady Catherine believes he owes it to himself and to all his family to marry Elizabeth. Mr Collins talks of the death of Elizabeths father, Mr. Bennet. An odd topic to bring up when proposing to a lady. Elizabeth rejects his efforts but he rapidly continues as if he will not leave until hear gets the yes that he wants to hear. Elizabeth argues back because he is not accepting the fact that he has been refused. Again he has a counter argument for her rejection: it does not appear to me that my hand is unworthy your acceptance. Elizabeth starts to be rude to him to see if that will work. He insults her and her family by reminding her that she is not wealthy: your portion is unhappily so small that it will in all likelihood undo the effects of your lovingness, he also says that it is by no means certain that another offer of marriage may ever be made you. Mr. Collins is intelligent enough to realise that the Bennet sisters have little chance in the unforgiving marriage market of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Mr. Collins makes it clear that as far as he is concerned, respectability is the most important attribute in a wife; he values this more highly than wealth or beauty. This is a sensible decision due to his profession; a clergyman must be respected so he requires a respectable wife. Despite his proposal seeming definitely passionless and quite cold hearted it develops to become rude when he is refused but at the same time , amusing because of Mr. Collins being such a foolish man. Like Mrs. Bennet, Mr Collins is in the novel for comical value. Mr. Collins gives a series of practical and completely unromantic reasons to marry Elizabeth. During the time that Jane Austen wrote this novel, marriage was often arranged for practical reasons and Jane Austen includes in her novels situations that may occur in everyday life, she did not write about fantasy worlds. Jane Austen was a realist author. Jane Austen is extremely effective in conveying how Elizabeth deals with this proposal as Jane Austen was said to have based her novel on close observances of real people and situations similar to the ones described in the book. She was familiar with these situations. Mr. Collins feels he should marry one of his cousins, because if he doesnt they will be left homeless and penniless on the death of their father. He feels it is morally important to marry one of them. When Elizabeth hears of Charlottes engagement to Mr. Collins she is rather disparaging of their engagement. This shows that despite Elizabeths quickness of mind and intelligence, she may be being too idealistic. We sympathise with Charlottes position because she has taken an informed pragmatic decision and has accepted Mr. Collins offer of marriage. She has agreed to marry him for the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment. This is a typical marriage because it is based on the grounds of practicality. This marriage is not romantic or fuelled by love, most marriages of the upper class were just like this during the eighteenth century and may be the reason many gentlemen of the time had mistresses. Due to the fact that they were highly ranking members of society, their reputati on remained intact despite having two women in the house. Mr. Darcys first proposal to Elizabeth is a huge contrast to Mr. Collins. Darcy speaks with emotive language telling Elizabeth how his feeling cannot be repressed and that he ardently admires and loves her, despite her background. The adverb ardently suggests he passionately loves her. Elizabeths astonishment was beyond expression; this is a perfect example of Jane Austens economy of expression showing Elizabeths surprise. Despite telling her that he loves her, it is almost ruined by his first comment which tells us that in vain have I struggled. meaning that he has struggled not to love her but he cant help it. Elizabeth blushes as she could not be insensible to the compliment of such a mans affection. Her feelings towards Darcy are conflicted, which shows an early sign of possible love, she may be attracted to him without knowing it but she quickly looses all compassion in anger. She was not angry with Mr. Collins proposal, she just found it amusing but Darcys proposal is different. Mr. Darcy is over confident that she Elizabeth will love and accept him immediately. Elements of pride are found in this section of the novel. Mr. Darcy is one of the proudest characters in the novel. He is extremely wealthy and his manners are exemplary but there is a certain air about him that makes him seem snobby and this makes him slightly unl ikeable. He creates a reputation for himself, when at the ball, he considers himself far too good to dance with any of the local girls. He knows his social position and superiority. By doing this he has insulted the entire neighbourhood and Elizabeth takes the insult very personally because she overhears him saying that she is not beautiful enough for him. Though she is not as pretty as her sister Jane, she is still pretty by the neighbourhoods standards. So in showing his self-pride he has damaged Elizabeths and she tries hard not to show it. Mr. Darcys proposal is similar to Mr. Collins due to the fact that he suggests to Elizabeth that she is less in rank than himself and that marrying her is a degradation. It was socially daring at the time for someone of such a high social rank to marry below themselves despite Elizabeth being a gentlemens daughter. Elizabeth eloquently expressing her feelings towards the unexpected proposal and refuses his best efforts of securing an engagement. Darcy is a man who is not used to denial of something so he is shocked at her refusal. There is narrative tension as we wait for a reply from Darcy. They have an argument and Darcy storms out after hearing enough of Elizabeths clever and well thought through replies. Elizabeth cries for half an hour as she goes over what had happened in her head. Jane Austen use of exclamation marks epitomises the agitated state of mind of Elizabeth. Jane Austens use of free indirect speech is effective in conveying characters thoughts to us as the reader and is necessary in Chapter 11 (Volume 2). it is neccesary to us during this chapter because it tells us what thoughts are conflicting Elizabeth. It is the most effective way to convey he thought processes. Lydia Bennets elopement was seen by society very badly. She was not yet a lady and after she eloped with Wickham she had very little chance as being viewed as a lady in the future. Lydia running off and living with Wickham without the benefit of marriage had ruined her reputation and damaged the reputation of her entire family. She would be considered a loose woman, and no man of a good family would ever consider marrying her. Wickham certainly had no intentions of marrying her. This is what provoked the letter from Mr. Collins telling Mr. Bennet of his opinion on Lydias elopement, societies view and Lady Catherines view. Wickham took Lydia away with him to Scotland because he could and Lydia had fallen desperately in love with him. He was self-indulgent and would never deny himself any pleasure in his power. He knew that Lydia would be good company because he could easily persuade her to sleep with him. Lydia was very attracted to Wickham, he should have known better and had the sel f control and decency not to allow her to have sex with him. Mr. Collins tone in his letter is a very serious one telling Mr. Bennet that it is his last chance to preserve his families reputation. He is warning that Lydia is compromising the other Bennet girls chances, and that he should throw off his affection for her and leave her to reap the fruits of her own heinous offence. This is a very severe action to take. Mr. Collins is telling Mr. Bennet that if he wants to keep his reputation intact, he must stop loving his daughter. This view that Mr Collins has, reflects the views that eighteenth century society would have had. The Bennets do not have a ready supply of money, they are relatively rich in land and assets but not in money so Wickham has no intentions of marrying Lydia. Therefore, Darcy paid Wickham to marry Lydia. Mr. Darcy arranging for Wickham to marry Lydia preserved not only her reputation but also her sisters reputations. He removed the disgrace from the Bennet name. In Volume 3 Chapter 14, Elizabeth realises she was wrong in her judgement of Mr. Darcy. She travelles to Pemberley to rescue her sisters reputation and speak with Mr Darcy. She is confronted by Lady Catherine who tells of Mr Darcys supposed engagement to her daughter. Lady Catherine de Bourgh makes clear her opinion on Elizabeth marrying Darcy and warns her off. She sees the marriage between Elizabeth and Darcy as socially unusual as it is the joining of two people from different social classes and financial background. Lady Catherine is displeased to say the least that her nephew Mr. Darcy is not intending on marrying Lady Catherines daughter. If Darcy and Lady Catherines daughter did marry, then two very large fortunes would be joined, increasing the financial status of both families. But there is one person getting in the way of Lady Catherines ideal marriage, and that is Elizabeth. Lady Catherine makes very clear she wants Darcy to marry her daughter. I believe Mr. Darcy is unwil ling to marry Miss de Bourgh as he is in love with Elizabeth. Elizabeth dares to stand her ground in her argument with Lady Catherine. Once again Lady Catherine gives a threat: I am not to be trifled with. Elizabeth stands up to the snobbery of Lady Catherine. As Elizabeth is a match for her, she resorts to insults by saying Elizabeth is a women of inferior birth, of no importance in the world. Lady Catherine is part of a slowly diminishing generation in which old opinions were dying with the generation. Lady Catherines views on marriage were traditional and society was changing. Despite the attempts, warnings and insults of Lady Catherine, Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy get engaged in Volume 3 Chapter 16. Their engagement has been long anticipated by the reader and it finally comes at the end to finish with a happy ending just like Jane Austens other novels. Darcy refers to Elizabeth as dearest, loveliest Elizabeth. Jane Austen makes clear that Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy are the perfect love match. This is affectionate language used by Mr. Darcy. There are many different attitudes towards marriage expressed in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. Mr. Collins and Charlotte could be seen as a good couple, despite the lack of love, as they both have the belief that marriage is for practical reasons. Lady Catherine believes marriage is for wealth and power; and Elizabeth got her wish of marrying someone who is deeply in love with her. Elizabeths marriage to Darcy was to set a trend over the next centuries, more people married for love and now in the 21st century nothings changed. Jane Austens clever novel still has readers gripped two centuries since it was written. The marriage we hear about which isnt entirely based on this principle is the joining of Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy. Elizabeth goes through most of the novel disliking Mr. Darcy but this is mainly as she has not seen his full character and this is odd for Elizabeth as she is usually good with judging character. She likes to watch people and how they behave. Elizabeth learns that she has been mislead by Darcys character and had she known the truth, she would love him just as he loves her. Darcy leaves the countryside only to return to a different Elizabeth. They work out their misunderstandings and agree to marry. Notes: All this is after Mr. Collins prepared proposal to Elizabeth in chapter 19 where she declines his proposal. Charlotte Lucas who is Elizabeths best friend agrees to marry him as she fears she may not get another offer. Elizabeth remains close friends with her, despite the fact that she is married to the awful Mr. Collins. Charlotte is relatively happy as she has security financially and socially as Mr. Collins is a pastor. He is high in social rank but not as high as Mr. Bennet or Lady Catherine De Bourgh who is his patroness.